Analysis of Supplier Development Strategies

Analysis of Supplier Development StrategiesABSTRACT OF THE THESISAny bodily wait on undertaken by a buying self-colored to better provider execution, provider capabilities, or two and to meet the buying theaters short and/or colossal confines supply postulate egresshouse be termed as provider victimization activity.A chew over by the Harvard Business School reason bring out that a firsthand reason for declining US competitiveness is that US companies invest less(prenominal) than outside(prenominal) rivals in intangible enthronisations such as provider acquaintance. Half of the companies fail in this provider developing lawsuit if executed. As provider append protagonist in increasing competitiveness and is non supremacyful every measure if utilize, it is ingrained to examine provider emergence and factors which solution towards the action of provider victimization.This base pull up stakes examine aspects associated with the victory of pr ovider phylogenesis strategies indoors contrasting ascertain of industry. This explore will put forward a specific localise of aspects ar signifi finisht contri stillors to provider t to each mavening in either case this paper will intend that some factors of provider nurture squander signifi bedt influence on other factors of supplier phylogeny.Data from the nation of buyers and suppliers will be collected to raise the exdecadet of relationship between signifi standt factors and success of supplier evolution plow. Agreement was noted between dep lay offencies of success of supplier training assist on several factors. Recommendations to supply managers and purchasing manager will be provided regarding stop number management fight, enhanced communication with their suppliers, recognition of their suppliers and growth of strategical processing kind of of responsive processing will be offered.chapter 1introductionThis thesis is a continue of ethnographi c study of particular factors for supplier culture strategies. The study was found primarily upon the survey with supplier ontogeny managers and masters involved in this field. This first chapter of the thesis will discuss the context of the study, intention of the study, describe the immensity and will present the overview of the methodology employ.Background of StudyA orbiculate economy is emerging and resources argon concentrated on karyon railway line rather than the diversification which show the way towards outsourcing. Outsourcing is make upd from $91 one thousand million to $416 billion in 20 divisions (Tunst every last(predicate), 2002), and it is expected to increase further. In 2009 the value of outsourcing deals in logistics area were projected to $ 80 billion (Hyatt, 2009) which shows the intensity of use of suppliers. payable to this voluminous use of suppliers buying companies have to in depose on their suppliers to deliver deformity free inter elemen t in a timely and cost impelling manner. To compete in their respective markets, buying firm mustiness ensure that their supplier skill equals the expectations (Krause Ellram, Success factors in supplier suppuration, 1997). When a supplier is in adapted(p) of meeting the buying firms look at the buying firm has triad alternatives (1) Bring the outsourced power point in house and produce it internally, (2) Resource with a more capable supplier, (3) Help improve the alive suppliers capabilities. All the three strategies can work. (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Supplier growth is defined asAny effort of a buying firm with its supplier to increase the performance and capabilities of the supplier and meet the buying firms supply needs. (Krause Ellram, full of life elements of supplier victimisation, 1997)When the suppliers are innovative and exclusively supplying a intersection then the supplier development option comes into the picture. When a companion is using a supplier, it is necessary to have a good relationship with them. The Harvard look suggested that supplier development started very late in the States alone it was started very long ago in the Japan. Toyota, Honda and Nissan implemented these supplier development activities in their plants a long back.Although similar research has been done previously, the theme of research was same but this new research is capable to generate new knowledge , graduation exercise the populations is different and for the variety of reasons they will be having different opinions and attitudes than the previous cohort . in that location great power be a different type of interaction in between me and those to which will generate the new idea, the sample selective information is from different put of industry and locations so the research context will be tout ensemble different from the previous researches. Even the subject might be same but the contextual issues are very different.The Pro blem StatementSupplier development requires both supplier and buyer to commit their maximum to get the maximum out of the platform. Even though both the sides agree that the load is require it is not necessary that supplier development program in which they are involved will be successful. In early 90s companies start reducing the number of get off suppliers and began evolving from adversarial relationships to more cooperative ones with the re chief(prenominal)ing suppliers. (Hartley Choi, 1996), Approximate one-third projects are failed payable to suppliers underperformance. So the success in the supplier development is not a at rest(p) conclusion. Supplier development is considered as a long term business dodging and t here are motley factors which affects this long term strategy. These factors not besides affect the end result of supplier development process but alike influence all(prenominal) other. This research tried to establish the petty(a) success factors for supplier development and their inter-relationship with each other. degeneration models set about inspection and repaired to develop the interrelationship among censorious success factors. Anyone peculiarly supplier development manager and procurement professional can refer the model over the wide range of circumstances and structure. The main objective of the research paper is to create the model for unfavorable success factors for supplier development strategies.Professional SignificanceLarge number of companies does the supplier development and they fail as well at surprising rate. Not all supplier development initiatives are successful in fact, as many as 50% are not successful, repayable to silly implementation and follow-up. (Handfield R. , 2002) The failed efforts get hold of tremendous amount of resources over months or even years. As multiple studies have shown over half of the supplier initiatives fails. This failure takes a toll that is not only financial but al so psychological. Failure demoralizes employees who have been labored diligently to complete their share of the work. As the supplier development success factors depends on both the parties so a dedicated study is required to find out what factors make the supplier development process a success.In 2000, check to the study 53% of the companies claimed that they are involved in the supplier development program but it was found that only 20% of the companies are contributing for the financial bread and butter for the suppliers and only 14% of the companies are putting their employees in the suppliers place for the development purpose. Eleven percentages of the companies are giving the chance to the suppliers to come at the buyers place and learn. Only 11% of the companies are having the formal program for supplier development, others are doing it without any of the formal program. (Anonymous, 2000). It shows that even though companies are involved in supplier development program but not fully implementing in an appropriate way.In General Motors, after implementation of supplier development program supplier ingatheringiveness was change 50%, lead time was reduced by 75%, and inventory reduction happened around 70% during their one week workshops. On one project alone, Honda of the Statess Best Practices (BP) group reduced a suppliers costs by more than $200,000 per year by changing the layout of a welding process. moreover layout change might increase the efficiency of supplier and ultimately give usefulness to buying come with. (Hartley Choi, 1996). Also one of the purchasing pro for a ply tool producer said that in three years of developing suppliers, his company has seen timbre rejects fall from 38.4% smoothen to 0.5% while supplier on-time delivery has arise from 76% to 97.5%. Likewise, another proponent of supplier development cites an average supplier quality metric of 98.5% and on-time supplier delivery at 97%. They claimed to have improved qual ity, reception time, prices and cycle time improvements, The VP for a major California-establish computer maker dialogue about how assistance from his firm allowed one subassembly supplier to ramp up to 50,000 pieces per month in only six weeks. (Anonymous, 2000).Although it took only 6 weeks to ramp up the production but usually supplier development is very time consuming and long process which consumes plenty of resources, so it is very much required to do it correct first time. To get the results mentioned above -$200,000 saving /year it is substantial to learn what are the success contributors and failure contributors of supplier development.Overview of MethodologyA structured survey questionnaire with five- turn on Likert scale was developed. Web and email were used to get around and gather information regarding what group of supplier development professionals thinks about supplier development activities. Survey was divided in 6 small sections and every section was having 3 questions. Total of 20 questions were mailed to random sample of 300 supplier development professionals. The survey solicited about a single instance of supplier development performed by them. Survey was face validated and content validated with the help of thesis chair and committee. Of 300 surveys circulated 50 usable responses were obtained, which provides the perception of bragging(a) group of supplier development manger regarding the nature of their supplier development project. The responding population represents a wide range of industry types. Also before electronic mail survey portion of interviews with supplier development managers was conducted. The interview was designed to validate the success factors collected after go overing belles-lettres go off and to help focus on reliable, important success factors which have extremely high control on supplier development success.DelimitationThe research study was conducted at San Diego State University during the end of t he fall semester-2009.This research was limited to supplier development manager who updated their resume on resume bank.This research was limited to professionals in North America absolute to reduce cultural differences within the population used in the study.Multiple Regression model was used to prove the interdependency in between critical factors instead structural equation modeling.Survey instrument was developed with the help of existing instruments. This will allow us to compare new results with the old results.This research was limited to 3 questions per factor to keep instrument short.chapter 2literature reviewThis chapter will review the bygone researches that serves as the foundation for the thesis report presented. The research cover are basically associated with critical factors associated with success of supplier development. The research paper will present purpose and rationale for writing research paper on supplier development strategies. Following will be the revi ew of literature on Strategic process, Upper management involvement, Supplier recognition, utile and enhanced communication and commitment of suppliers. The chapter will conclude with a summary of literature. Examples of the headstone word used while finding the scholar research papers were supplier development, supplier relationship, supplier evaluation, supplier management, supply mountain range management and buyer-supplier relationship. Combinations of keywords were used to get different research papers. Search engine used during literature search were SDSU library search engine and Google scholar. (Ekholm Pashei, 2009).Past LiteratureFirst record application of supplier development comes from Toyota in 1939. Toyota discussed the need of working unitedly with suppliers to improve collective performance. Thereafter in 1963 Nissan implemented first supplier development project, Honda joined the club in 1973 (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009). It is essential to understand the significance of each factor and the role it plays in supplier development process. Past researches can be categorized in (a) Theoretical, (b) abstract, (c) Empirical, (d) Conceptual and Empirical. Table 1 gives the brief of past literature which were identified. Previous to mid 1990s, the supplier development literature consisted mainly of hypothetic studies covering cases of several companies and surveys and the purpose was to learn the barriers which comes in the way of supplier development. In 1990s the research moved towards establishing relationship in between various supplier development constructs where in 2000 the research moved towards influence of supplier development towards innovation and purchasing strategy (Easton, 2000).In todays business increased cut of reliance on supplier is observed. Most of the buying firms need to be aggressive strategies in company to increase the approaching rate of capabilities improvement. (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan , 1993) Having mentioned that supplier is becoming increasingly critical to the competitive success of US firms, there are several reasons behind that. First manufacturers are beginning to focus on their core competencies and areas of technical expertise. Second, developing effective supply base management strategies can help counter the competitive pressures brought about by intense worldwide competition. Third, Suppliers can support directly a firms ability to innovate in the critical areas of product and process technology. Study showed 95% of business unit sample indicated supplier contributions were increasing throughout in terms of importance. There was a 232% increase in people from 1989-1990 who agreed with the statement that suppliers are extremely important to the achievement of competitive market strategies. More and more people started to outsource and started rely on suppliers. There was a growth of 15% of people from 1991-1992. Furthermore for each sample period, resp ondent projected and increasing dependency on suppliers for future product technology. More and more companies started to use supplier development process. Some of them are HP, Epson, Apple Computer, 3M, and BMW etc. Strong belief is supplier warrants improvement. If improvement does not occur firms a brush many industries may lose market share to competitors who are able to maximize supplier performance input. Sample was non random so the result can be generalized. Thus the trend is towards increasing reliance on supplier to help achieve competitive market strategies. This reliance on suppliers and improving their performance was initially documented from Toyota in 1939. Toyota discussed the need of working together with suppliers to improve collective performance. Thereafter in 1963 Nissan implemented first supplier development project, Honda joined the club in 1973 (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009).Supplier development was ubiquitous in Japan and Korea for number of years but less evident in US firms due to perceived lack of instant return on enthronization allied with setting up resources required to make it successful. Interestingly this act was recognized early in the 1900 in the US automotive industry when pass over required improving supplier capacity (Krause, Handfield, Tyler, The relationships between supplier development, commitment, sociable and capital accumulation and performance improvement, 2006). In 1970s other Nipponese automakers implemented the strategy and made their own modification like Honda developed a program called BP (Best practises). Review of case studies by (Sako, 2004) allowed examining differences in between supplier development activity in Toyota, Nissan and Honda. In 1939, Toyota purchasing rules stated that- Toyota suppliers must be treated as a Toyota branches and Toyota must continue to do business with these suppliers without replacement to others and also develop the suppliers if required. Toyota bifurcated supplier development activities into TPS (Toyota Production System) and TQC (Total quality Control). TPS was having different existence from TQC which allowed suppliers to take advantage of continuous improvement. Hyundai also realized that their small suppliers cannot again and again recruit engineers thus they sent engineers from their own shops to improve suppliers productivity. Hyundai do not financially support their suppliers but offer personnel support (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Nissan also implemented supplier development program which were significantly different from Toyota in the terms of number of point of contacts for suppliers, approach towards sharing the ideas and one to one training strategy during program. Honda and Nissan unified the TPS and TQC offering a single point of contact (Sako, 2004). The common features of the supplier development programs at Honda, Nissan and Toyota are multiple impart for supplier development to transfer both tacit and explicit knowledge. mum knowledge is more difficult to accumulate as it needs closer interactions especially face to face with suppliers and more time thus it is difficult to double tacit knowledge (Clarke, 2007). In contrast to these companies in Japan, the suppliers in US and atomic number 63 distrust the buyers intention and also buyers dont have identical take of genuineness as in Japan to act as trusted well wisher who can suggest their suppliers how they should invest their resources (Sako, 2004).A recent study from Harvard school concluded that primary reason for declining USA competitiveness is that US companies invest less in supplier relations and development thus considering these points from Japan the supplier development was adopted in Eastern countries like UK and USA (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan, 1993). Supplier development activities were transferred to USA as buying firms commissioned their own plants in USA due to government regulations. By 1996 G eneral Motors had completed supplier development projects with over 2000 suppliers and claimed productivity improvements over 50%, lead time reduction of up to 75% and inventory reduction of 70% (Hartley Choi, Supplier development Customers as a accelerator of process change, 1996), (Clarke, 2007). By 2001 John Deere was involved in 426 different projects with 92 different supplier development engineer and delivering annual saving of $700,000 along with improvements in quality, cost and delivery. By 1994, Allied-Signal expected to save up to $300,000 from supplier development activities and also expected for increase in shares price (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan, 1993). At Deere and Delphi, a $ one hundred,000 investment in supplier development yields at least three to ten times the original investment (Nelson, Moody, Stegner, 2005). This illust evaluate that large firms adopted supplier development and it became strategic tool for them to improve quality, reduce cost and improve t he delivery. The basic development process started with reduction in supplier base and then developing the rest suppliers. Also it was adopted in service ground companies from product found companies. But more focus was on the product based companies. Service based relies on the competitive pressure of market forces instigate supplier performance to a greater extent than product based firms and that then to use. In UK near companies rationalized or optimized their supple base to include fewer total suppliers. Hesperian countries were not getting involved in direct supplier development Japanese companies were successful because they were involved in direct supplier development. Toyota is purchasing product from the same supplier since 1937. GM adopted this strategic supplier development in Europe. Motorola and Ford also adopted similar kind of supplier developmentCountries and large firms started to realize the benefits of supplier development, they recognized that supplier deve lopment must be worth if its emerging everywhere in Japan. From the national perspective, benefits of supplier development were improvement in domestic suppliers, reduction in off shoring and increase in GDP (Krause Ellram, 1997). From the corporate and large firm perspective, supplier development helped in improving quality, reliability and manufacturability of new design. Besides that supplier development also helped in knowledge sharing and improved collaboration. Furthermore responsiveness to node needs and market dynamics also increased with supplier development (Krause Ellram, 1997). The data gathered with 527 purchasing executives by (Krause D. R., Supplier development Current practices and takes, 1997) revealed that supplier development attributed to timely delivery, completed orders, reduction in defects scrap and reduced order cycle time. Research by (Blonska, Rozemeijer, Wetzels) completed that supplier development take in towards getting a preferential buyer stat us and supplier adaptability. Supplier variation is perceived as an attainment of a goal of supplier development aimed at supplier performance improvement (Blonska, Rozemeijer, Wetzels). With help of two in reason case studies (Reed Walsh, 2002) conventional that supplier development activities enhance technological capabilities in their suppliers. Also some of the firms expected technological improvement should follow from improved business processes. Supplier development also helped in developing mutual trust in between buyers and suppliers (Reed Walsh, 2002). As mentioned earlier this increase in reliance was due to improvement in performance after implementing supplier development program. BMW strives to be 20% above industry average in quality performance. Management believed supplier development made it possible to attain that quality standard and increase in revenue (Rhodes, Warren, Carter, 2006). Also in Honda dramatic improvement was seen in product quality since Hond a began to develop suppliers in North America, In 1985 quality level was 7000 parts defective per million and In 1995 quality level was increased to 100 defective parts per million (Berlow, 1995). A team of purchasing professionals from Honda of America worked with 12 stamping suppliers to reduce cost by $4million in six months in 1995 with its supplier development efforts (Berlow, 1995).In the context of supplier development, suppliers and buyers state that they want to practice more supplier development methods to enjoy its benefits but there are myriads of barriers that halter the effective supplier development strategies. Research by (Lascelles Dale, 1989) utilizing survey responses from UK based suppliers to 3 major customers in automotive industry illustrated that poor communication and feedback, unorganised quality improvement programs, credibility of buyers, misconception regarding purchasing power and supplier gaiety are the foremost barriers in the supplier development programs. Also in an data-based study with 89 minority goods and service providers (Krause, Ragatz, Hughley, Supplier development from the minority suppliers perspective, 1999) demonstrated that the main barriers towards minority have supplier development are poor communication, non-profit situation and racial biases. Results also indicated that small minority owned suppliers were less positive about supplier development activities as compared to large minority owned suppliers (Novak, 2008). Survey by (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000) on supplier development strategies with 84 companies established several other barriers apart from already mentioned that deter supplier development strategies. It includes miss of supplier commitment, insufficient supplier resources, lack of trust, and poor alignment of organizational cultures, unsupportive hurrying management and insufficient inducement to suppliers. Research by (McDuffie Helper, 1997) established that supplier de velopment might fail if suppliers are not having a strong identification or if suppliers are not dependent on buyers. It will show the way to break down in learning relationship. some other major barrier towards supplier development program found from research by (Forker, Ruch, Hershauer, 1999) is difference between perceptions of buyer and suppliers about supplier development practices. These differences in perception are due to disparity in understanding in preference, intention, and process of supplier development program (Forker, Ruch, Hershauer, 1999). Supplier might agree initially for the proposal but later fail to implement due to difference in understanding. This problem can be cured with the help of clarification of issues.Researchers came up with number of conceptual models for building solutions to overcome these barriers. A ten measure generic wine wine process model was developed based on the examination of in-depth response to open ended survey questions. Such a model was a step towards strategic supplier development. It was ranging from identification of critical commodities for development to systematically instituting current continuous improvement. The model also suggested proposition that firms competing in markets characterized by high rates of technological changes and high level of competition are more plausibly to be involved with this model (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An existential investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998). This model was slightly changed by proposition of seven go generic model (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Also it was found most organization deployed first three steps but was less successful in deploying later stages. sympathetic to previous model a process oriented four step generic supplier development model was proposed. This model was designed to help suppliers apply and continue the change process and effectively build the capability for improvem ent within the organization (Hartley Jones, Process oriented supplier development Building the capability for change, 1997). This model also increases the suppliers capability to act on its own and the improvement effort will continue once the buying firm finishes its activities (Wagner S. M., 2006). Also supplier structure was developed on the basis of specific vendor development strategy. Conceptual link was generated in between generic business unit strategies based on framework proposed by Porter and generic supplier development strategies, in other words linkage between supplier development strategies and company strategies (Chakraborty Philip, 1996). Execution of case study of five firms by (Dunn Young, 2004) results in a process model that enables the buyers to pinpoint specific areas where improvement is required. Highlighting these small areas can impact on long term strategic supplier development initiatives.A review of the conceptual model and context of supplier devel opment resulted in the identification of several elements that appear to be critical to the success of the supplier development program. These comprise of effective and enhanced communication, supplier commitment, top management involvement, strategic processing and long term commitment and supplier recognition/rewards (Krause Ellram, 1997).BackgroundWhat is supplier development, why is the supplier development critical, what made this required to study and how the factors might affect the supplier development?Big things happen when you do little things serious (Don, 2000). In this case if small generic steps for supplier development are deployed correctly then it can contribute towards success in supplier development. (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000) Developed seven step generic process map for set up supplier development activities. These are recognized as (a) Identify critical commodities (b) Identify critical supplies (c) Form a carrefour operational team (d) M eet with supplier top management (e) Identify key project (f) square up details of agreement and (g) Monitor status and monitor strategies. A word of honor of each as follows.Identify critical commodities and suppliersUpper management involvement is critical to assess the relative importance of commodities and services procured by business unit. A corporate level executive committee analyzes the purchasing portfolio developed during strategic process. This epitome is extension of company strategic planning (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). As a result critical commodities are identified and warranted for supplier development activities. Steps adopted here are mainly observed in strategic approach supplier development where in reactive approach respondents skip this step in supplier development process (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An empirical investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998).Choosing which supplier to develop is a crit ical task again because supplier development involves resources such as money and time, thus the decision should be strategic not reactive (Gordon, 2008). (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Many situations exist which are not mutually exclusive but warrant supplier development. To decide which situation needs supplier development is calculated judgment. Companies have formal supplier measurement system with help of which they assess suppliers performance. If any gap is found in metrical and expected results, these suppliers are identified for development process where in reactive approach respondent skip this step in supplier development activities (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An empirical investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998). Also buying firm carefully evaluates suppliers quality, volume, delivery cost performance, launch readiness and potential kaizen opportunities to rank a prospective supplier development program (Novak, 2 008).Hence, Strategic processing and upper management involvement have significant influence on the outcome of this first step of supplier development-identifying critical commodities and suppliers. These two will be among the versatile of interest in the research thesis.Form a cross functional teamEach firm must develop their suppliers according to their requirement. For example, some firms need managerial assistance and some need technical assistance. Thus it is essential to evaluate each supplier individually to create a plan that benefits both supplier and buyer (Daghfous, Campa, Hamde, 2008). As a result to face this hard challenge of developing dissimilar suppliers, innovative ideas are required to break down knowledge barrier between buyers and suppliers and to facilitate a transition of knowledge transfer from buyers to suppliers, a cross functional team is necessary to form (Blindenbacj-Driessen, 2009). before approaching suppliers and ask for enhanced performance, it i s also important to build up cross functional consensus and build up their own house before expecting commitment from suppliers (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009). In particular commitment of buyers and strategic approach is essential for buildup of cross functional consensus. Also a buyer must establish its supply chain strategies and roles of procurement so that the business objectives are clear. Hence, Commitment and strategic process have significant influence on the outcome on creation of cross functional team. Therefore, these two will be among the variable of interest in the research thesis.Meet with supplier top managementUpper management involvement again prevails but this time it is of suppliers side. Cross functional team must meet upper management of supplier side and establishes straAnalysis of Supplier Development StrategiesAnalysis of Supplier Development StrategiesABSTRACT OF THE THESISAny activity undertaken by a buying firm to improve supplier perfor mance, supplier capabilities, or both and to meet the buying firms short and/or long term supply needs can be termed as supplier development activity.A study by the Harvard Business School concluded that a primary reason for declining US competitiveness is that US companies invest less than foreign rivals in intangible investments such as supplier development. Half of the companies fail in this supplier development effort if executed. As supplier development help in increasing competitiveness and is not successful every time if implemented, it is essential to examine supplier development and factors which result towards the success of supplier development.This paper will examine aspects associated with the success of supplier development strategies within different set of industry. This research will put forward a specific set of aspects are significant contributors to supplier development also this paper will show that some factors of supplier development have significant influence on other factors of supplier development.Data from the population of buyers and suppliers will be collected to test the extent of relationship between significant factors and success of supplier development process. Agreement was noted between dependencies of success of supplier development process on several factors. Recommendations to supply managers and purchasing manager will be provided regarding upper management involvement, enhanced communication with their suppliers, recognition of their suppliers and development of strategic processing instead of reactive processing will be offered.chapter 1introductionThis thesis is a report of ethnographic study of critical factors for supplier development strategies. The study was based primarily upon the survey with supplier development managers and professionals involved in this field. This first chapter of the thesis will discuss the context of the study, intention of the study, describe the importance and will present the overview o f the methodology used.Background of StudyA global economy is emerging and resources are concentrated on core business rather than the diversification which show the way towards outsourcing. Outsourcing is increased from $91 billion to $416 billion in 20 years (Tunstall, 2002), and it is expected to increase further. In 2009 the value of outsourcing deals in logistics area were projected to $ 80 billion (Hyatt, 2009) which shows the intensity of use of suppliers. Due to this voluminous use of suppliers buying companies have to rely on their suppliers to deliver defect free product in a timely and cost effective manner. To compete in their respective markets, buying firm must ensure that their supplier capability equals the expectations (Krause Ellram, Success factors in supplier development, 1997). When a supplier is incapable of meeting the buying firms need the buying firm has three alternatives (1) Bring the outsourced item in house and produce it internally, (2) Resource with a more capable supplier, (3) Help improve the existing suppliers capabilities. All the three strategies can work. (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Supplier development is defined asAny effort of a buying firm with its supplier to increase the performance and capabilities of the supplier and meet the buying firms supply needs. (Krause Ellram, Critical elements of supplier development, 1997)When the suppliers are innovative and exclusively supplying a product then the supplier development option comes into the picture. When a company is using a supplier, it is necessary to have a good relationship with them. The Harvard research suggested that supplier development started very late in USA but it was started very long ago in the Japan. Toyota, Honda and Nissan implemented these supplier development activities in their plants a long back.Although similar research has been done previously, the theme of research was same but this new research is capable to generate new knowle dge , First the populations is different and for the variety of reasons they will be having different opinions and attitudes than the previous cohort . There might be a different type of interaction in between me and those to which will generate the new idea, the sample data is from different set of industry and places so the research context will be totally different from the previous researches. Even the subject might be same but the contextual issues are very different.The Problem StatementSupplier development requires both supplier and buyer to commit their maximum to get the maximum out of the program. Even though both the sides agree that the commitment is required it is not necessary that supplier development program in which they are involved will be successful. In early 90s companies start reducing the number of direct suppliers and began evolving from adversarial relationships to more cooperative ones with the remaining suppliers. (Hartley Choi, 1996), Approximate one-thi rd projects are failed due to suppliers underperformance. So the success in the supplier development is not a foregone conclusion. Supplier development is considered as a long term business strategy and there are various factors which affects this long term strategy. These factors not only affect the end result of supplier development process but also influence each other. This research tried to establish the critical success factors for supplier development and their inter-relationship with each other. Regression models approach helped to develop the interrelationship among critical success factors. Anyone especially supplier development manager and procurement professional can refer the model over the wide range of circumstances and structure. The main objective of the research paper is to create the model for critical success factors for supplier development strategies.Professional SignificanceLarge number of companies does the supplier development and they fail as well at surpri sing rate. Not all supplier development initiatives are successful in fact, as many as 50% are not successful, due to poor implementation and follow-up. (Handfield R. , 2002) The failed efforts consume tremendous amount of resources over months or even years. As multiple studies have shown over half of the supplier initiatives fails. This failure takes a toll that is not only financial but also psychological. Failure demoralizes employees who have been labored diligently to complete their share of the work. As the supplier development success factors depends on both the parties so a dedicated study is required to find out what factors make the supplier development process a success.In 2000, according to the study 53% of the companies claimed that they are involved in the supplier development program but it was found that only 20% of the companies are contributing for the financial support for the suppliers and only 14% of the companies are putting their employees in the suppliers p lace for the development purpose. Eleven percentages of the companies are giving the chance to the suppliers to come at the buyers place and learn. Only 11% of the companies are having the formal program for supplier development, others are doing it without any of the formal program. (Anonymous, 2000). It shows that even though companies are involved in supplier development program but not fully implementing in an appropriate way.In General Motors, after implementation of supplier development program supplier productivity was improved 50%, lead time was reduced by 75%, and inventory reduction happened around 70% during their one week workshops. On one project alone, Honda of Americas Best Practices (BP) team reduced a suppliers costs by more than $200,000 per year by changing the layout of a welding process. Furthermore layout change might increase the efficiency of supplier and ultimately give advantage to buying company. (Hartley Choi, 1996). Also one of the purchasing pro for a power tool producer said that in three years of developing suppliers, his company has seen quality rejects fall from 38.4% down to 0.5% while supplier on-time delivery has risen from 76% to 97.5%. Likewise, another proponent of supplier development cites an average supplier quality metric of 98.5% and on-time supplier delivery at 97%. They claimed to have improved quality, response time, prices and cycle time improvements, The VP for a major California-based computer maker talks about how assistance from his firm allowed one subassembly supplier to ramp up to 50,000 pieces per month in only six weeks. (Anonymous, 2000).Although it took only 6 weeks to ramp up the production but usually supplier development is very time consuming and long process which consumes plenty of resources, so it is very much required to do it correct first time. To get the results mentioned above -$200,000 saving /year it is essential to learn what are the success contributors and failure contributors of sup plier development.Overview of MethodologyA structured survey questionnaire with five-point Likert scale was developed. Web and email were used to circulate and gather information regarding what group of supplier development professionals thinks about supplier development activities. Survey was divided in 6 small sections and every section was having 3 questions. Total of 20 questions were mailed to random sample of 300 supplier development professionals. The survey solicited about a single instance of supplier development performed by them. Survey was face validated and content validated with the help of thesis chair and committee. Of 300 surveys circulated 50 usable responses were obtained, which provides the perception of large group of supplier development manger regarding the nature of their supplier development project. The responding population represents a wide range of industry types. Also before e-mail survey set of interviews with supplier development managers was conducte d. The interview was designed to validate the success factors collected after reviewing literature review and to help focus on reliable, important success factors which have extremely high control on supplier development success.DelimitationThe research study was conducted at San Diego State University during the end of the fall semester-2009.This research was limited to supplier development manager who updated their resume on resume bank.This research was limited to professionals in North America continent to reduce cultural differences within the population used in the study.Multiple Regression model was used to prove the interdependency in between critical factors instead structural equation modeling.Survey instrument was developed with the help of existing instruments. This will allow us to compare new results with the old results.This research was limited to 3 questions per factor to keep instrument short.chapter 2literature reviewThis chapter will review the past researches th at serves as the foundation for the thesis report presented. The research papers are basically associated with critical factors associated with success of supplier development. The research paper will present purpose and rationale for writing research paper on supplier development strategies. Following will be the review of literature on Strategic process, Upper management involvement, Supplier recognition, Effective and enhanced communication and commitment of suppliers. The chapter will conclude with a summary of literature. Examples of the key word used while finding the scholar research papers were supplier development, supplier relationship, supplier evaluation, supplier management, supply chain management and buyer-supplier relationship. Combinations of keywords were used to get different research papers. Search engine used during literature search were SDSU library search engine and Google scholar. (Ekholm Pashei, 2009).Past LiteratureFirst document application of supplier d evelopment comes from Toyota in 1939. Toyota discussed the need of working together with suppliers to improve collective performance. Thereafter in 1963 Nissan implemented first supplier development project, Honda joined the club in 1973 (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009). It is essential to understand the significance of each factor and the role it plays in supplier development process. Past researches can be categorized in (a) Theoretical, (b) Conceptual, (c) Empirical, (d) Conceptual and Empirical. Table 1 gives the brief of past literature which were identified. Previous to mid 1990s, the supplier development literature consisted mainly of theoretical studies covering cases of several companies and surveys and the purpose was to learn the barriers which comes in the way of supplier development. In 1990s the research moved towards establishing relationship in between various supplier development constructs where in 2000 the research moved towards influence of suppl ier development towards innovation and purchasing strategy (Easton, 2000).In todays business increased trend of reliance on supplier is observed. Most of the buying firms need to pursue aggressive strategies in order to increase the future rate of capabilities improvement. (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan, 1993) Having mentioned that supplier is becoming increasingly critical to the competitive success of US firms, there are several reasons behind that. First manufacturers are beginning to focus on their core competencies and areas of technical expertise. Second, developing effective supply base management strategies can help counter the competitive pressures brought about by intense worldwide competition. Third, Suppliers can support directly a firms ability to innovate in the critical areas of product and process technology. Study showed 95% of business unit sample indicated supplier contributions were increasing throughout in terms of importance. There was a 232% increase in people fr om 1989-1990 who agreed with the statement that suppliers are extremely important to the achievement of competitive market strategies. More and more people started to outsource and started rely on suppliers. There was a growth of 15% of people from 1991-1992. Furthermore for each sample period, respondent projected and increasing dependency on suppliers for future product technology. More and more companies started to use supplier development process. Some of them are HP, Epson, Apple Computer, 3M, and BMW etc. Strong belief is supplier warrants improvement. If improvement does not occur firms across many industries may lose market share to competitors who are able to maximize supplier performance input. Sample was non random so the result can be generalized. Thus the trend is towards increasing reliance on supplier to help achieve competitive market strategies. This reliance on suppliers and improving their performance was initially documented from Toyota in 1939. Toyota discussed the need of working together with suppliers to improve collective performance. Thereafter in 1963 Nissan implemented first supplier development project, Honda joined the club in 1973 (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009).Supplier development was ubiquitous in Japan and Korea for number of years but less evident in US firms due to perceived lack of instant return on investment allied with setting up resources required to make it successful. Interestingly this practice was recognized early in the 1900 in the US automotive industry when Ford required improving supplier capacity (Krause, Handfield, Tyler, The relationships between supplier development, commitment, social and capital accumulation and performance improvement, 2006). In 1970s other Japanese automakers implemented the system and made their own modification like Honda developed a program called BP (Best practices). Review of case studies by (Sako, 2004) allowed examining differences in between supplier developme nt activity in Toyota, Nissan and Honda. In 1939, Toyota purchasing rules stated that- Toyota suppliers must be treated as a Toyota branches and Toyota must continue to do business with these suppliers without switching to others and also develop the suppliers if required. Toyota bifurcated supplier development activities into TPS (Toyota Production System) and TQC (Total Quality Control). TPS was having different existence from TQC which allowed suppliers to take advantage of continuous improvement. Hyundai also realized that their small suppliers cannot again and again recruit engineers thus they sent engineers from their own shops to improve suppliers productivity. Hyundai do not financially support their suppliers but offer personnel support (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Nissan also implemented supplier development program which were significantly different from Toyota in the terms of number of point of contacts for suppliers, approach towards sharing the ideas a nd one to one training strategy during program. Honda and Nissan unified the TPS and TQC offering a single point of contact (Sako, 2004). The common features of the supplier development programs at Honda, Nissan and Toyota are multiple channels for supplier development to transfer both tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is more difficult to accumulate as it needs closer interactions especially face to face with suppliers and more time thus it is difficult to replicate tacit knowledge (Clarke, 2007). In contrast to these companies in Japan, the suppliers in US and Europe distrust the buyers intention and also buyers dont have identical level of authenticity as in Japan to act as trusted well wisher who can suggest their suppliers how they should invest their resources (Sako, 2004).A recent study from Harvard school concluded that primary reason for declining USA competitiveness is that US companies invest less in supplier relations and development thus considering these po ints from Japan the supplier development was adopted in Eastern countries like UK and USA (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan, 1993). Supplier development activities were transferred to USA as buying firms commissioned their own plants in USA due to government regulations. By 1996 General Motors had completed supplier development projects with over 2000 suppliers and claimed productivity improvements over 50%, lead time reduction of up to 75% and inventory reduction of 70% (Hartley Choi, Supplier development Customers as a catalyst of process change, 1996), (Clarke, 2007). By 2001 John Deere was involved in 426 different projects with 92 different supplier development engineer and delivering annual saving of $700,000 along with improvements in quality, cost and delivery. By 1994, Allied-Signal expected to save up to $300,000 from supplier development activities and also expected for increase in shares price (Monnczka, Trent, Callahan, 1993). At Deere and Delphi, a $100,000 investment in s upplier development yields at least three to ten times the original investment (Nelson, Moody, Stegner, 2005). This illustrates that large firms adopted supplier development and it became strategic tool for them to improve quality, reduce cost and improve the delivery. The basic development process started with reduction in supplier base and then developing the remaining suppliers. Also it was adopted in service based companies from product based companies. But more focus was on the product based companies. Service based relies on the competitive pressure of market forces instigate supplier performance to a greater extent than product based firms and that then to use. In UK most companies rationalized or optimized their supple base to include fewer total suppliers. Western countries were not getting involved in direct supplier development Japanese companies were successful because they were involved in direct supplier development. Toyota is purchasing product from the same supplier since 1937. GM adopted this strategic supplier development in Europe. Motorola and Ford also adopted similar kind of supplier developmentCountries and large firms started to realize the benefits of supplier development, they recognized that supplier development must be worth if its emerging everywhere in Japan. From the national perspective, benefits of supplier development were improvement in domestic suppliers, reduction in off shoring and increase in GDP (Krause Ellram, 1997). From the corporate and large firm perspective, supplier development helped in improving quality, reliability and manufacturability of new design. Besides that supplier development also helped in knowledge sharing and improved collaboration. Furthermore responsiveness to customer needs and market dynamics also increased with supplier development (Krause Ellram, 1997). The data gathered with 527 purchasing executives by (Krause D. R., Supplier development Current practices and outcomes, 1997) revealed that supplier development attributed to timely delivery, completed orders, reduction in defects scrap and reduced order cycle time. Research by (Blonska, Rozemeijer, Wetzels) established that supplier development guide towards getting a preferential buyer status and supplier adaptability. Supplier adaptation is perceived as an attainment of a goal of supplier development aimed at supplier performance improvement (Blonska, Rozemeijer, Wetzels). With help of two in depth case studies (Reed Walsh, 2002) established that supplier development activities enhance technological capabilities in their suppliers. Also some of the firms expected technological improvement should follow from improved business processes. Supplier development also helped in developing mutual trust in between buyers and suppliers (Reed Walsh, 2002). As mentioned earlier this increase in reliance was due to improvement in performance after implementing supplier development program. BMW strives to be 20% above indust ry average in quality performance. Management believed supplier development made it possible to attain that quality standard and increase in revenue (Rhodes, Warren, Carter, 2006). Also in Honda dramatic improvement was seen in product quality since Honda began to develop suppliers in North America, In 1985 quality level was 7000 parts defective per million and In 1995 quality level was increased to 100 defective parts per million (Berlow, 1995). A team of purchasing professionals from Honda of America worked with 12 stamping suppliers to reduce cost by $4million in six months in 1995 with its supplier development efforts (Berlow, 1995).In the context of supplier development, suppliers and buyers state that they want to practice more supplier development methods to enjoy its benefits but there are myriads of barriers that hinder the effective supplier development strategies. Research by (Lascelles Dale, 1989) utilizing survey responses from UK based suppliers to 3 major customers in automotive industry illustrated that poor communication and feedback, unstructured quality improvement programs, credibility of buyers, misconception regarding purchasing power and supplier satisfaction are the foremost barriers in the supplier development programs. Also in an empirical study with 89 minority goods and service providers (Krause, Ragatz, Hughley, Supplier development from the minority suppliers perspective, 1999) demonstrated that the main barriers towards minority owned supplier development are poor communication, non-profit situation and racial biases. Results also indicated that small minority owned suppliers were less positive about supplier development activities as compared to large minority owned suppliers (Novak, 2008). Survey by (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000) on supplier development strategies with 84 companies established several other barriers apart from already mentioned that deter supplier development strategies. It includes Lack of sup plier commitment, insufficient supplier resources, lack of trust, and poor alignment of organizational cultures, unsupportive upper management and insufficient inducement to suppliers. Research by (McDuffie Helper, 1997) established that supplier development might fail if suppliers are not having a strong identification or if suppliers are not dependent on buyers. It will show the way to break down in learning relationship. Another major barrier towards supplier development program found from research by (Forker, Ruch, Hershauer, 1999) is difference between perceptions of buyer and suppliers about supplier development practices. These differences in perception are due to disparity in understanding in preference, intention, and process of supplier development program (Forker, Ruch, Hershauer, 1999). Supplier might agree initially for the proposal but later fail to implement due to difference in understanding. This problem can be cured with the help of clarification of issues.Resea rchers came up with number of conceptual models for building solutions to overcome these barriers. A ten step generic process model was developed based on the examination of in-depth response to open ended survey questions. Such a model was a step towards strategic supplier development. It was ranging from identification of critical commodities for development to systematically instituting ongoing continuous improvement. The model also suggested proposition that firms competing in markets characterized by high rates of technological changes and high level of competition are more likely to be involved with this model (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An empirical investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998). This model was slightly changed by proposition of seven steps generic model (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Also it was found most organization deployed first three steps but was less successful in deploying later stages. Similar to pre vious model a process oriented four step generic supplier development model was proposed. This model was designed to help suppliers sustain and continue the change process and effectively build the capability for improvement within the organization (Hartley Jones, Process oriented supplier development Building the capability for change, 1997). This model also increases the suppliers capability to act on its own and the improvement effort will continue once the buying firm finishes its activities (Wagner S. M., 2006). Also supplier structure was developed on the basis of specific vendor development strategy. Conceptual link was generated in between generic business unit strategies based on framework proposed by Porter and generic supplier development strategies, in other words linkage between supplier development strategies and company strategies (Chakraborty Philip, 1996). Execution of case study of five firms by (Dunn Young, 2004) results in a process model that enables the buye rs to pinpoint specific areas where improvement is required. Highlighting these small areas can impact on long term strategic supplier development initiatives.A review of the conceptual model and context of supplier development resulted in the identification of several elements that appear to be critical to the success of the supplier development program. These comprise of effective and enhanced communication, supplier commitment, top management involvement, strategic processing and long term commitment and supplier recognition/rewards (Krause Ellram, 1997).BackgroundWhat is supplier development, why is the supplier development critical, what made this required to study and how the factors might affect the supplier development?Big things happen when you do little things right (Don, 2000). In this case if small generic steps for supplier development are deployed correctly then it can contribute towards success in supplier development. (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000) Dev eloped seven step generic process map for set up supplier development activities. These are recognized as (a) Identify critical commodities (b) Identify critical supplies (c) Form a cross functional team (d) Meet with supplier top management (e) Identify key project (f) Define details of agreement and (g) Monitor status and monitor strategies. A discussion of each as follows.Identify critical commodities and suppliersUpper management involvement is vital to assess the relative importance of commodities and services procured by business unit. A corporate level executive committee analyzes the purchasing portfolio developed during strategic process. This analysis is extension of company strategic planning (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). As a result critical commodities are identified and warranted for supplier development activities. Steps adopted here are mainly observed in strategic approach supplier development where in reactive approach respondents skip this step in supplier development process (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An empirical investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998).Choosing which supplier to develop is a critical task again because supplier development involves resources such as money and time, thus the decision should be strategic not reactive (Gordon, 2008). (Handfield, Krause, Scannel, Monczka, 2000). Many situations exist which are not mutually exclusive but warrant supplier development. To decide which situation needs supplier development is calculated judgment. Companies have formal supplier measurement system with help of which they assess suppliers performance. If any gap is found in measured and expected results, these suppliers are identified for development process where in reactive approach respondent skip this step in supplier development activities (Krause, Handfield, Scannell, An empirical investigation of supplier development reactive and strategic processes, 1998). Also bu ying firm carefully evaluates suppliers quality, volume, delivery cost performance, launch readiness and potential kaizen opportunities to identify a prospective supplier development program (Novak, 2008).Hence, Strategic processing and upper management involvement have significant influence on the outcome of this first step of supplier development-identifying critical commodities and suppliers. These two will be among the variable of interest in the research thesis.Form a cross functional teamEach firm must develop their suppliers according to their requirement. For example, some firms need managerial assistance and some need technical assistance. Thus it is essential to evaluate each supplier individually to create a plan that benefits both supplier and buyer (Daghfous, Campa, Hamde, 2008). As a result to face this complex challenge of developing dissimilar suppliers, innovative ideas are required to break down knowledge barrier between buyers and suppliers and to facilitate a tr ansition of knowledge transfer from buyers to suppliers, a cross functional team is necessary to form (Blindenbacj-Driessen, 2009). Before approaching suppliers and ask for enhanced performance, it is also important to build up cross functional consensus and build up their own house before expecting commitment from suppliers (Monczka, Handfield, Glunipero, Patterson, 2009). In particular commitment of buyers and strategic approach is essential for buildup of cross functional consensus. Also a buyer must establish its supply chain strategies and roles of procurement so that the business objectives are clear. Hence, Commitment and strategic process have significant influence on the outcome on creation of cross functional team. Therefore, these two will be among the variable of interest in the research thesis.Meet with supplier top managementUpper management involvement again prevails but this time it is of suppliers side. Cross functional team must meet upper management of supplier s ide and establishes stra

Cyber Terrorism A Global Menace Criminology Essay

Cyber Terrorism A Global Menace Criminology EssayA female Ameri bathroom cartoonist, Jeff metalworker give tongue to, The threat is there, its very real, If we have a Unabomber who desires to launch an attack with an PC instead of a bomb, there could be a great deal of trauma . Computers and the internet are an essential part in modern society undoubtedly. They make our life to a greater extent convenient as well as promote our living quality. As the role of computers is tremendous, it stimulated criminals and terrorists to make it their preferred tool for attacking their targets. This kind of modern crime is called cyber terrorist act. This trans lineation in the methods of act of terrorism form traditional methods to electronic methods is becoming one of the hottest issues in the modern society. Cyber terrorism is a form of terrorism which the criminals use computers and the internet as a speciality to buck crimes. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-p rofile, slackly those including hacking, computer virus, computer worms and e-mail related crimes. We can easily observe the cases of cyber-related crimes are rising on news, even in local or other countries. In my point of view, Cyber Terrorism is an inevitable phenomenon in an advanced society.The intentions of cyber terrorists using net as a channel to commit crimes can be delimit in different ways. Many people assume that the objective of cyber terrorists are except focus on computer hacking, they only commit crimes through internet. They generally regard that their intention to commit cyber crimes is only for steal data and violate peoples privacy. However, there are another reasons for the criminal to commit cyber crimes. Dorothy Denning stated that Cyber terrorism could also become more attractive as the real and virtual worlds become more closely coupled, with automobiles, appliances, and other devices attached to the Internet. As the cyberspace has the ability to tint an abundant amount of people at one time, its the encumbranceive way for criminals to commit crimes through internet with different intentions and pur comes. On behalf of explaining the purpose of cyber terrorism, the criminals can be politically intended hacking operations, their purpose is to cause tremendous harm to the society such(prenominal) as loss of life or economic damages. Second, the behaviors of the criminals can be unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate. Third, the criminals coerce a presidential term or its people for the political or social objectives. Forth, cyber terrorism can be a physical attack that ruins computerized systems for critical infrastructures. (Such as the internet, water fork up and telecommunications). Except for the supra objectives of Cyber Terrorism, well-nigh authoritative organizations also have their own definition on the term of it. The U.S. National Infrastructure protection Center defined cyber terrorism as A criminal act perpetrated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence, destruction and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population to conform to particular political, social or ideological agenda. Now we can have a thoroughly understanding of why the terrorists choose cyberspace as a medium to commit crimes.The forms of cyber terrorism are multi-faceted, cyber terrorists use various tools and methods to achieve their purposes. The first mean is hacking. Hacking refers to all forms of unauthorized and illegal methods to access a computer system or a network. Some people are underestimate the harmful effect .Here is a terror example showing the seriousness of hacking. Jimmy Sproles and Will Byras once stated that A British hacker wanted to know what kind of chaos could be caused by penetrating the hospital computer, he hacked into a Liverpool hospital in 1994 and changed the medical prescriptions for the patients. Unluckily, A patient was killed by an overdose of penicillin after the hacker broke into the hospital computers and altered his prescription. The other form of cyber terrorism is Computer Viruses. It is generally a computer program that can infect other computer programs by modifying them in such way as to include a transcript of it. They are spreading faster than theyre being halted. Some people are underestimating the harmful effect of computer virus, they think that the virus can only affect the performance on the personal computer, it wont post threat on other aspects. In fact, the virus are very dangerous and its harmful effect are massive. For example, the hospital life-support computer system being stopped by virus could be lethal. In addition, Computer worms are also a typical tool for Cyber terrorism. It is a self-contained progra m that is able to spread functional copies of itself or its segments to their computer systems. A worm named WANK(1989) infected many computers on a network. If this worm found that it had system privileges, it would change the system announcement message to Worms against Nuclear Killers.Additionally, Cyber Terrorism are also included some electronic mail related crimes. The convenient, ease and speed of email has made it a preferable tool for criminals. The email related crimes are mainly email spoofing, email bombing, impending emails, defamatory emails. Also , its a powerful tool for criminals to spread virus and worms. Criminals are increasingly designed to steal information silently without any detect by the victims. It is expected that mobile devices are prevalence in our daily life, there may be increasingly targeted victims for attack by the criminals in future.Cyber terrorism can bring negative effect to the individuals, society and even the entire nation tremendously. Th e actions of criminal hackers are non-stopped all around the globe. They try hard to attempt vulnerabilities in software, violate peoples privacy, steal information, and even shut down computer network malevolently. Lost of properties, being violated of privacy and personal data are the results of hacking by the criminals. Their personal computers will also be infected by virus and worms, it may harm a computer systems data or performance. For the society, criminals could pose serious threaten to the operation of stemma and governments .The threat is factual, increasing and already has proven equally. Cyber attack ranging from I LOVE YOU virus to the Trinco and the worms RamenLion and Crade Red have cost an estimated $5 billion US dollars. According to Coleman, K. (2003) the internet being down for just one day could disrupt nearly $6.5 billion worth of transactions. Lewis, J (2002) also states that the Love Bug virus is estimated to have cost computer users around the world betw een $3 million and $ 15 million. In 2000, A hacker was able to control the computer system that control the flow natural gas through the pipelines in Russia. In 2002, hackers broke into the U.S. dependableice Departments website and replaced the departments impression with a swastika, dubbed the agency the United States Department of Injustice and filled the page with obscene pictures.Also, the terrorists might crack into an air traffic control system and inject over the complete direction of multiple airplanes. The air collusion between airplanes or crashing an airplane into a building are just two contingent results of this action. Cracking into a citys traffic system could have disastrous results. The other possibility of traffic jams and traffic accident would be occurred and its consequences are very serious. The above cases and examples show that the cyber terrorism could seriously affect the social stability and public security of ones country. Some people may under-estim ate the influences of cyber terrorism, they regard the criminals are only targeted on some individuals and business, it wont post a jeopardise to the entire nation. By the way, cyber terrorism can not only affect a specific community of interests of people but the entire nation. Richard Clark once marked They (computers) run our electric power grid, out telecommunications network, they run our railroads, our banking system, and all of them are vulnerable, at some level, to some degree to information warfare, or cyber-terrorism, By the use of the internet the criminals can affect much wider damage than one could kill people. For example, they can destroy the prudence of the country by attacking the critical infrastructures in the big towns such as electric power or water supply. Verton, D (2003) points out that the members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) were planning to blow up and destroy six key electric substations in London (2003). Had the IRA succeeded in their goal, they would have cut off power to major portions of London for months at 2003. This example would have been a terror attack and would have threatened the citizens of London. Also, the criminals can post a menace to the security of the nation by targeting the sensitive and secret information by stealing, disclosing or destroy the system of national defense.The menace of cyber terrorism is measureless, its influences is profound, its target can be anyone, it is invisible but exist somewhere around us. It may occur anytime and anywhere all round the world. The criminals could seriously threaten the operation of business and government even the entire nation. As we all know, the capacity of human mind is inscrutable, the methods and tools using by criminals of cyber crimes are changed with each passing day .It is unrealistic to eliminate the cyber crime from the cyber space. The existence of cyber terrorism can not be denied in the advanced society. Cyber Terrorism is without doubt an inevi table phenomenon in the advanced society. Just like what Daniel, H. mentioned that One of the hot areas right now is tracking down cyber crime and cyber terrorism. The modern world is declared to be a global village, corporate efforts should be done across the nations by the governments, business and individuals in order to rectify this worsening situation.Word Count 1628

The Benefits And Challanges Of Accrual Accounting Versus Cash Accounting Application Accounting Essay

The Benefits And Challanges Of Accrual method of method of score Versus Cash fliering Application be EssayABSTRACTThis paper propose a depth understanding and critical military rank of the benefits and challanges of assemblage account statement system versus coin history aplication for budgeting and reporting in Municipal Council of Kota Kinabalu, a topical anesthetic giving medication in Malaysia. Motivation of this paper is drawn on the potential benefits of accrual be in budgeting and financial reporting of a local anesthetic anesthetic authorities as confirmablely established in other countries. However, despite the success stories of accrual chronicle aplication in other countries, it has still to be fully replicated in Malaysia. The evaluate contribution of this paper be (i) Critical evaluation of financial counseling and reporting practices of local government in Malaysia (ii) Empirically analysing the benefits and limitations of cash versus accrual acc ounting screening in budgeting and accounting transaction of a local government, the case of DBKK and (iii) Contributing to enrich the literature and remains of cognition of local government accounting practices in Malaysia.Keywords Budgeting, financial Reporting, Accrual Accounting, Local giving medication, MalaysiaINTRODUCTIONMotivation for ResearchThe government manages its financial economic activities by ordinary accounting. ordinary accounting systems aim at authorizing and recording cash receipts and expenditures in respect of an agreed budget. In most countries, it is non systematically regulated. There argon two types of approach in frequent orbits financial reporting which be cash accounting and accrual accounting. In Malaysia, cash and special cash is the current basis adopted by the Malaysian government. Malaysian government has also make a come across in implementing the accrual accounting for public sectors (Abdul Samad, 2001). This is because accrual bas is of accounting generates break down quality of financial information and this information is needful for the discharge of accountability and correct decision do by internal management (Sutcliffe, 2001). Moreover, the traditional cash accounting system adopted in many countries is perceived as no longer fine (Abdul Samad, 2001).Many countries like Australia, New Zealand and Canada find fully implemented this accounting tame in their government accounting. As for Malaysian context, according to Abdul Samad (2001), by face at the experiences of the countries that had undergone reformation in the public sector, it could be concluded that the major demand for the push to accrual accounting is the growing demand for a great transparency and better exertions of the government sector and the companies controlled by the government.The objective of this theme is to investigate and critically evaluate the benefits and challanges of accrual accounting versus cash accounting aplicat ion in Municipal Council of Kota Kinabalu (DBKK), a local government in Malaysia.Arrangement of research proposal is as follows the next section will discuss about the philosophic background related to to unexclusive Sector (PS) as well as accounting standards employed by them. This is follow by empirical synopsis of cash vs. accrual budgeting and accounting application in PS. This expected to sheeds a light on identifying the potential research gaps. Following this is the research questions and contributions which are designed found on the identify research gaps. The final part of this paper summarises the research methodology and structure as well as research planning.PHILOSOPHICAL rangeDefining Public Sector in MalaysiaPublic sector is part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services whether federal, state or local/municipal council. Components of Public Sector in Malaysia is categorised into three tiers of government namely federal government, state g overnment and local government (Fatimah et. al., 2008). Public sector organisations exhibit a variety of social, economic, political and legal characteristics (xxxxx).Figure 1 Components of Public Sector in MalaysiaThe federal government s the highest tier of the government, which comprises of the minsitries, departments and public enterprises. Ministris are the highest boy in the federal administratives followed by government department/agencies which responsibles for implementing government policies. While, a public enterprises can be classified eiher as a statutory or non-statutory bodies.State government is the second tier of the government, which comprises of ministries (for Sabah and Sarawak only), department and public enterprises. The administrative mechniery of the State is headed by the State Secretary.The local government is in the third tier of the government hierarchy in Malaysia. The local government is governed by the Local Governmen number 1976. By virtue of Section 2 of this Act, local authority mean any City Council, Municipal Council or District Council. In Malaysia, the power of the decision making is transferred to the local authorities administer their individual areas. In respect to the accounting management, Section 9(2) states that the local authority shall furnish the State Authority with such returns, accounts and other information with respect to the property and activities of the local authority.The Malaysians Public Sector Accounting Theory and PracticesAccounting has been more often than not outlined as the system of identifying, classifying, recording, summarising, analysing and reporting of financial data and information of an organisation in accordance with the accepted principles, concepts, conventions, standards, and regulation (Fatimah et. al., 2008). Public sector accounting is different from clubby sector accounting. Accounting and financial reporting for public sector are based on distinctive concepts, standards and procedures designed to accomondate their environment and needs of their accounting information users (Fatimah et. al., 2008). In Malaysia, the public sector accounting system is designed to survey with the Federal Constitution, statutory and other legal requirements.In general, the public sector uses fund accounting where seperate accounts are maintained for each fund so that limitations and resrictions move on use of the resources allocated can be properly monitored. The government financial system and procedures can be devided into two categories namely financial procedures and non-financial procedures. The financial procedures related to the finance and accounting of public funds. While, the non-financial procedures on the aspects including finance and accounting.The government financial system and procesures are based on (i) Federal Constitution, (ii) Financial Procedure Act 1957, (iii) Treasury instructions, (iv) Treasury circulars, (v) Government Accounting Standards, and ( vi) Inter subject Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs).The Government Accounting Standards (PPK) has been set p by the accountant superior general Department since 2002. Its objective is to prescribe the standards and the basis for preparation of government financial statements in accordabce with the requirements of the Federal Constitution and the Financial Procedures Act 1957 (Revised 1972). According to the Public Accounts 2006, the Accountant General Department has issued the following PPKTable 1PPKParticularsIssued OnEffective for Financial Year1Government Accounting PoliciesNovember 200220032Presentation of Financial StatementsMay 200420053Consolidated Revenue AccountMay 200420054Consolidated Trust AccountDecember 200420065Consolidated Loan AccountDecember 200420066InvestmentDecember 200420067CashDecember 200520078Statement of Memorandum AccountDecember 200520079Foreign modifyJune 2007200810Government GrantJune 20072008 reference work Public Account 2006, as cited in Fatimah et. al., 2008Basis of AccountingThe Federal and State Government ease up been adopting change cash basis of accounting in the preparation of the annual financial statements where expenditures incurred in the old financial year but not yet stipendiary will be paid in January of the new financial year and are reported as expenses for the old financial year. As for the Local Government, statutory Bodies and Government Linked Companies, they train been adopting accrual basis of accounting in the preparation of the general purpose financial statements.Types of accounting systemsThe bases of accounting systems are generally classified into four broad categories cash, modified cash, modified accrual, and full accrual. This classification refers to the accounting principles that determine when the transactions or events should be recognized for financial reporting purposes.Problem StatementsTraditionally, governments utilise to deploy input-based budgeting systems and cash-bas ed accounting systems. However, these systems do not provide information that is necessary for a government to operate efficiently and effectively (Hoek, 2005). despite the potential benefits of the accrual system in promoting financial efficiency and accountability (Wynne, 2004 xxxx xxxx xxxx), still not all government agencies have implemented this system and empirical research have established evidence on why some countries have not done so (Wynne, 2004 xxxx xxxx xxxx). Additionally, no apostrophize benefit study has been undertaken on the move to accrual based accounting (Wynne, 2004).In Malaysia, in line with the financial budgeting and reporting reforms in public sector, government has also made a move in implementing the accrual accounting for public sectors (Abdul Samad, 2001). This is because accrual basis of accounting generates better quality of financial information and this information is necessary for the discharge of accountability and better decision making by inte rnal management (Sutcliffe, 2001). Moreover, the traditional cash accounting system adopted in many countries is perceived as no longer satisfactory (Abdul Samad, 2001).Empirically, many research on accrual accounting have been carried out in western countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Finland, Greece, Denmark, Sweden and United States (Hoek, 2005 xxxx xxxx xxxx), but few researches have been done covering public sector in Malaysia.Based on the identified problems and incite to carry out this research to determine whether local authorities have fully adopt the accrual accounting in recording the income and expenditures. This research is expected to contribute to the enrichment of body of knowledge in the area of Local Government Accounting Practices specifically in Malaysia.Research QuestionsThe main research questions of this study are as follows-RQ_1Understanding of accounting prnciples and practices of DBKKRQ_2Investigation of current accounting systems used by DBKKRQ_3Ado ption of cash vs. accrual budgeting and accounting in DBKK. What are the problems?RQ_4 get out accrual accounting improves the financial accomplishment of DBKK?RQ_5Cost-Benefits analysis and syllabus implementation design of accrual accounting implementation in DBKK.Research ContributionsCritical evaluation of financial management and reporting practices of local government in Malaysia.Empirically analysing the benefits and limitations of cash versus accrual accounting application in budgeting and accounting reporting of a local government.Comprehensive program implementation design for implementation of accrual-based accounting in local government.Contributing to enrich the literature and body of knowledge of local government accounting practices in Malaysia.LITERATURE REVIEWThis section will discussed the empirical findings of previous papers related to the application of Accrual Budgeting and Accounting in Government Sector all over the world. Specific attention will be focused on financial reporting in local government of Malaysia.The Move to Accrual Budgeting and Accounting in Government SectorIdentifying Strategic Research IssuesBudgeting Accounting Reporting in Government SectorsPublic Sector Accounting Principles PracticesFigure 2 Mapping the Literature ReviewThe Public Sector Accounting Principles and Practices The World ViewsBudgeting and Accounting Reporting in Government Sector. knowledgeability Cronological EventsThe Move to Accrual Accounting Identifying The Research GapsThe move from the cash basis to the accrual basis of accounting in the Australian Public Sector (APS) was a key element of the New Public Management (NPM) reform program and an event of historical significance (Davis, 2010).One of the most crucial aspects of New Public Management (NPM) was the wave of reforms in financial information systems. These changes are an essential element in improving the management and decision-making of government institutions, which is also call ed New Public Financial Management (NPFM) (Guthrie et al., 1999).The cornerstone of reforming financial information systems is the introduction of accrual accounting in the public sector, at the expense of traditional cash accounting systems (Lapsley, 1999). Several governments have been adopting and implementing accrual accounting systemsOver the last 20 years, there have been increasing calls for the government and public sector cheek to move to accrual based accounting and adopt private-sector style financial statements (Wynne, 2004).Traditionally, cash accounting in public sector focused on the control of expenditure. The reform of the public sector has changed the traditional role of accounting to one that is focused on accountability and the efficient allocation of resources. This implies that accounting should concentrate upon outputs, performance measurement, efficiency, costsaving, productivity and performance measurement (Hoque and Moll, 2001 Broadbent and Guthrie, 1992). This in turn requires that new accounting technologies be employed such as planning program budgeting, accrual accounting, performance indicators and annual reporting mechanism (Hoque and Moll, 2001). Accrual accounting if being adopted in public sector, provides a better quality of information and a better way of discharging accountability among the public sector managers.Many countries like Australia, New Zealand and Canada have fully implemented? this accounting reform in their government accounting. As for Malaysian context, accordingto Abdul Samad (2001), by looking at the experiences of the countries that had undergone reformation in the public sector, it could be concluded that the major demand for the push to accrual accounting is the growing demand for a greater transparency and better performances of the government sector and the companies controlled by the government.Public Sector Accounting Some International licenceGovernments and Public Sector Entities (PSEs) of the developed part of the world which were once using Cash-Basis of Accounting are now rapidly moving towards Accrual-Based Accounting System. Some of these countries have not only implemented the full Accrual-Based Accounting but have also adopted International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) for compilation of government accounts and financial reporting. Status of implementation of Accrual-Based Accounting and adoption of IPSASs by the Governments is as under Australia (State, Federal and Local Governments) Canada (State, Federal and Local Governments) Finland (Government agencies and whole of Government) France (Local Governments) Germany (Some Government Organizations) Ireland (Pilot chore For Selected Government Departments) Italy (Local Governments) Malaysia (Local Governments) Netherlands (Government agencies and Local Governments) New Zealand (National and Local Governments) Sweden (Central Government agencies and Local Governments) Switzerland (Local Governments) Tanzania (Local Governments) United Kingdom (Local Governments) USA (Federal Government)Source South Asian Federation Of Accountants, 2006Comparative analysis of the governmental financial information systems International EvidenceSource Christiaens et. al., (2010)Accrual vs CashCash accounting requires the record of inflows and outflows of cash. Accrual accountingas defined by Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, the acknowledgment of the financial effects of transactions, events and circumstances in the period(s) when (they) occur, regardless of when cash is standard or paid. It also requires tax income to be recognized in the period in which economic benefits can be measured reliably. Like wise, expenses are recognized when the consumption of goods is capable of veritable measurement (Hoque and Moll, 2001).Table 2 An Overview of Cash Accounting vs. Accrual Accounting systemsBasis of comparisonCash AccountingAccrual AccountingFull knowledge of all payment flowsOnly cas h transactionsComplete financial overview possibleTime of bookingRecognizes transactions and economic events only when cash is received or paidRecognizes transactions and economic events when they occurManagement of Assets and visionsNo single accounts for assets andresourcesFull knowledge on the value ofresources and assetsDepreciations, reserves, revenue,expensesNot possibleResource consumption and the wear and tear of resources is displayedCost and results accountingNo knowledge of costs by specific cost centres or service products since the linkage surrounded by source and application of funds is missing no matching of revenues and expensesFull knowledge of true costs by specific cost centres and productsSource altered from Athukorala, S. Reid, B. (2003)The main advantage of the cash system is simplicity, objectivity and the need to assess the compliance with cash budgets. However there are limitations like the system does not disclosed a true financial and economic position o f the entity, no performance indicator and information on cost of services provided available for performance evaluation and control purpose (Montesinos and Bargues, 1996). In addition, the cashbased system also does not provide sufficient information to assess the government financial requirements like cash and revenue requirement to pay for past debts as well as future services, besides fail to provide the government complete information on all that they owe (Hillier, 1996).Advantages of accrual accounting in governmentA number of researchers argue that cash based financial system and accrual accounting is both useful, however financial reports based on accrual accounting has its own advantages and significance to the modern government. Accrual accounting in government provides better quality financial information, more comprehensive and increase efficiency. This allows a better way of discharging accountability (Abdul Samad, 2001 Sutcliffe, 2001 Hoque and Moll, 2001 Wynne, 2004) by extending the assessment of financial performance beyond the application of cash (OECD, 1993) and supports a better decision making by internal management (OECD, 1993 Sutcliffe, 2001) by providing information on the full cost of operations and the resources used to deliver services to the public (Hoque and Moll, 2001).Reasons for not adopting accrual accountingaPanel ALocal governmentsPanel BCentral governmentsBalance sheets and profit/loss calculations areof less importance in the public sectorCash accounting systems are better complementto budgetary accounting systemsAccounting reform would chasten to considerable costsThe current cash accounting system meets allrequirementsA cash based system fits the characteristics of apublic sector organizationThe accounting system has only just been changed toa modified cash accounting systemLocal governments resist accounting reformSome public sector efforts cannot be accounted forFormer accounting reforms have shown significantimplement ation problemsAccrual accounting has limited potential tosupport political decision-makingaMultiple reasons simultaneously possible.Source Adapted from Wynne, 2004.Comprehensive analysis of Accrual Based Accounting in Government SectorAdvantagesDisadvantagesRiskEssential Pre-ConditionsAccrual based financial accounts have more information than cash based accounts and have a greater focus on outputs rather than just inputsThe information available from accrula based accounts facilitates a better quality of management and decision making, including in the case of allocation of resources.It enables comparisons of full cost of services with the costs of the provision of those services by the private and voluntary sector.It provides greater comparability of management performance results which are not affected by the timing of cash payments and receipts and which information about stubborn and current assets and liabilities.It designed to measures profit, a concept which is meaningless in the public sector, where surpluses can arise from the failure to provide agreed services.Maintenance of public asets is mopre of the essence(predicate) than providing information on their value.It takes budgetary control away from finance staff, as they decide when cash is paid, but non-financial managers and suppliers decide when invoices are issued.It does not appear to have ensured adequate costing system.It has not been wiodely used by other countries.Cash-based accounting is comparatively simple and abjective.Its complexity may mean that there is less charge by Parliment and so the government is less accountable.It requires greater professional judgement by both the preparers and auditors of government accounts.Loss of financial control with the introduction of a more complex system.Diversion of resources from more productive reforms.The possibility of government accounting being bought into dispute if accrual accounting fails.The possibility that international accounting standards could be applied with no real understanding of issues involved.The gaps in the standards not being properly addressed.Decision on accounting treatements being made on political grounds.The external auditor being unable to prevent politically-based amendments to the accounts.An adequate timescale and budget not being allowed for the change.The IT systems not being adequate.The process of financial management and expenditure control being made more difficult.Accounting issued to be agreed before accrual absed accounting can be introducedTaxation revenuesDepreciationsApproaches to the recorgnition of assets multitude assetsInfrastructure assersNatural resourcesAcceptance for changeParticipation of the accountancy and other profeessionsJoint development of accounting standardsSupport of the government auditorsComprenensive management trainningUnderstanding of concepts inherent accrual accounting in budgeting and financial reporting.An appropriate culture approachA robust audi t processNo corruptionA recognition of the time needed for change.An IT capacity.A willingness to use incentives and penalties.That the accrual based approach is part of a process of reform.Source Summarised from Wynne, 2004The Research Focus Local Government Accounting in MalaysiaLocal Government (LG) accounting has attracted the attention of some members of the academic and professional community since the end of the 19th, early 20th century (e.g. Cooke, 1887 Cleveland, 1909 Metz, 1909 Walker, 1923 Morey, 1933, 1934 Welcker, 1934) as cited in Sargiacomo and Gomes (2010). A LG can be defined as the government of a town, city, county, or region at a local level by locally elected politicians. Consequently, a local government will typically only have control over their specific geographical region, and can not pass or enforce laws that will affect a wider area. Local governments can elect officials, enact taxes, and do many other things that a national government would do, just on a smaller scale.This research will be focusing on a local government accounting issues in Malaysia and taking Municipal Council of Kota Kinabalu City as the sole local government body that is to be investigated.Development of Theoritical FrameworkThe following theoritical framework elaborates the process flows for rumination in decision making for choice of accounting systems in local government. Empirical evidence shows that there are internal and external factors that will ascertain the choice of cash-based or accrual-based budgeting and accounting. The choice is strategically important for local government efficiency and accountability.Cash-Based SystemEfficiency? Accountability?in LGChoice of Accounting Systems in LGInternal External FactorsPoliciesAccrual-Based SystemThe choice to move from cash-based to accrual-based accounting systems is not an easy tasks. It will involve a total change of the entire organixation accounting systems and facility supports. Thus, this ideas i nvolve a costs. (explain further)RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis research will need to employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques to investigates and clarifies the identified research questions. Summary of the research investigations and methodologies are as tabulated belowNo.Research QuestionsMethodologyInstrumentsRQ_1Understanding of accounting prnciples and practices of DBKK soft TechniqueStructured query and inspections of records/policies/circularsRQ_2Investigation of current accounting systems used by DBKKQualitative TechniqueStructured interview and inspections of records/policies/circularsRQ_3Application of cash vs. accrual budgeting and accounting in DBKKQualitative TechniqueStructured interview and inspections of records/policies/circularsRQ_4Will accrual accounting improves the financial performance of DBKK?Quantitative TechniqueAccounting Experiments comparing the effects of cash versus accrual accounting on 10 years historical financial performa nce. Is there any different?RQ_5Cost-Benefits analysis and program implementation design of accrual accounting implementation in DBKK.Quantitative TechniqueDeterminantion of costs and benefits associated with implementation of accrual-based accounting in DBKK. This research also will provide a comprehensive program implementation design for adoption of accrual-based accounting in DBKK.RESEARCH STRUCTURE2 State the research objectives3 Determine relevant questions1 Define and refine the research problems6 attend the results and write report5 Collect data and perform analysis4 Formulate relevant research hypothesesRESEARCH PLANNINGGantt Chart and MilestonesGANTT CHARTYEAR 1YEAR 2YEAR 32011201220132014ACTIVITIES/MONTHS67891011121234567891011121234567891011121234561Initial Preparation2Literature Review3Research Design4Proposal Defence5Proposal Refinement6Fieldwork7Data Analysis8Documentation of Report

Cultural Media Watch :: essays research papers

Cultural Media WatchA few common assumptions would offer some very general stereotypes which most Americans are probably subjected to separately time they tune into their favorite program. The problem with making assumptions based on stereotypes, racism, and bias maybe considered two-fold. Of primary concern should obviously be the narrow-minded and everyplace generalized prejudice which exists in mainstream media culture. Then, of only slightly less distress, would be the willingness of society to accept such demeaning norms. However, within the high definition military personnel of television, some prime-time dispositions are shattering overused typecasting. Although, some are not, also. For instance, one such common immoral stigma would be that only men of European heritage may hairgrip positions of authority at home and more importantly, in an office. Furthermore, African, Spanish-speaking, and other ethnic Americans will be depicted as second-class citizens. Addition eit hery, women of all races may not hold any high positions of a profession as do their male co-stars. Luckily, most of these false accusations were proven wrong. For this analysis of television diversity, or lack there of, a case at the portrayal of African American men as in their position within a working environment, the dynamics of their family structure, and the overall social implications of such position(s) will be explored. Then, in reflection of the growing population of Spanish speaking people, a look at the near absence may reveal a certain ethnocentric standard of mainstream television. In such culturally dynamic shows as, The Cosby Show and The snappy Prince of Bel-Air, Afro-American men held such high positions as judges, doctors, and lawyers. Although, these two shows are directly linked to such positive portrayals, that is, almost all characters of the show are Afro-American, they offer an enlightening depiction of ethnic justice. Besides, Euro-American dominated T.V . shows have conquered most major networks since the first picture tube was created. Also seen on these were other non-white characters whom hold an array of savvy jobs and social ranks. As an example, last week, on The Cosby Show, an African-American and a Spanish-American woman sat side by side with a display board of aristocrats while debating about some common social topics, namely womens liberation. As the show progressed both women seemed to be disregarded through most of the program. However, the show ended when both women eventually became fed-up with the insulting arrogance of their male-counterparts and verbally reprimanded their ignorance and specifically pointed to such behavior as to why women have become so imbued to snuff out their years oppression.

Comparing Characterization in Alias Grace, Their Eyes Were Watching God

Characterization in Alias dramatize, Their eyeball Were Watching God, and Fools Crow Alias Grace by Margaret A twainod is a apologue where the main character Grace is a sort of mystery character. In the end she is at peace, but there are sedate many questions about her left unanswered. Because Atwoods style of writing is informative, yet unclear at the same time, the audience is left to put the pieces of the puzzle that is Grace unitedly themselves. This leaves the reader guessing about her character. Two other works that contrast the delineation of Grace Atwood uses in Alias Grace are Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, and Fools Crow in Fools Crow by James Welch. The characterization the authors use in these three novels determines how well the reader leave behind get to know the main characters in terms of emotion. Characterization is one of the main components of writing a novel. Most of the time in a novel the attributes of the main character are well known. By the time youve finished the novel, you feel as if you know all that there is to know about that person. In the case of Alias Grace, Atwood leaves more to questions about Graces character than are answered. It seems as if the more you learn about her life, the more of a mystery she becomes. It is the readers job to divvy up what is known about Grace and piece her together the best she can. In a review of the book, David Wiley states, What unfolds is that no one will ever know Grace (Wiley 3). Her personality is never totally revealed, and the reader is left wondering who she is. One character, Dr. Jordan never finds out anything new about her personality than any of the other doctors who evaluated her originally did. She t... ...statement The characterization the authors use in these three novels determines how well the readers will get to know the main characters in terms of emotion. I. Characterization of Grace A. What role characterization plays B. How wel l the reader gets to know Grace II. Characterization of Janie A. Hurstons development of Janie B. What the reader learns about Janie III. Contrast of Janie and Grace A. What makes the two characters different B. Contrasting views on whap and marriage IV. Characterization of Fools Crow A. Transformation made by his character B. How his character is developed V. Contrast of Fools Crow and Grace A. Difference in the two characters emotions B. Reaction (emotionally) to different situations