The Basic Facts of How to Essay Topics

The Basic Facts of How to Essay Topics You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. In the event that you own a debut of the essay then be well prepared to shed a good deal of subscribers after they begin reading the very first point of the essay writing. Just select the category which suits you best and tackle because many topics as possible. When you've chosen one subject from the reach of expository essay topics, it's time to begin writing. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Picking a topic is a vital issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Deciding on an emotional topic is also a great idea. How to Essay Topics and How to Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination Better yet, as you free write, you might develop a couple of things that it is possible to paste almost directly into your essay. Your essay is designed to turn into some thing inventiv e. Before you commence writing your college essay, you may choose to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so that you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay which you will create. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Knowing the most frequent IELTS essay topics enables you to center on the most significant vocabulary. To compose an outstanding essay, it's critical to use specific academic language. Narrative essay topics Narrative essay is a little different from different types. Selecting an essay topic is merely among the most necessary elements of writing an exceptional essay or paper. How to Essay Topics Options So you don't actually need to obtain a topic! Utilize our descriptive essay topics list to acquire the topic you desire. Utilize our descriptive essay topics list to get the topic you prefer. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! How to Essay Topics Secrets If you write your essay on something which is emphasized in your textbook, there's a very good chance you're on the right path. While you can't predict every essay question, knowing some of the most typical ones may give you an advantage on applications. One of the greatest approaches to change anybody's mind is w ith an emotional investment. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. The Dirty Facts on How to Essay Topics Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. Presenting The Research Paper Research papers have to be presented well to make the best effects. Essays are often necessary for scholarship applications. In middle school, 5-paragraph essays are among the most typical kinds of papers to write. The Fight Against How to Essay Topics The first element of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that relate to the endeavor. While an essay is a big project, there are numerous steps a student can take which will help break down the task into manageable pieces. At exactly the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selecti on of a very good cause and effect essay topic. Thus, the topic you select plays an important function. Actually, all of the argumentative essays follow one of the five common models that may help you with the building of the primary essay question and the manner in which you support your claims. So, the choice of the topic is very important. The essay topics ought to be selected from several ways. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. If you wish to create a college essay which works, you want to provide importance on the content which you will give the admissions officer of your intended university with. The college essay is among the main characteristics of your college application. Your college essay should contain information that relate to the instruction offered to you. A well-written essay may be the most persuasive portion of a scholarship program, which explains why much time and attention needs to be put into its preparation. The Appeal of How to Essay Topics Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. There are many well-written how to essays examples on the internet. It's possible to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Since you may see, there are lots of topics to pick from for your 5-paragraph essay. Additionally, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. Luckily, there's a procedure that you can follow to pick the perfect topics for essays. It's possible that you list various kinds of descriptive essay topics first and then pick the category on which you would like to pen down. There are two primary means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit.

The Legal Drinking Age Should Not Reflect Today s...

Task 1: Law and Society Evidence and research proves that the laws related to the legal drinking age does not reflect today’s societal values and that the legislations ‘Liquor Act 2007 No 90 (NSW) Part 7 Division 1 Sections 117 116’ should be reformed to raise the drinking age in Australia from 18 years of age to 21. Through surveying different age groups and socio-economic backgrounds of society, information has been gathered to demonstrate that the current laws do not reflect society’s opinion on the legal drinking age in Australia. Research suggests that there are many social consequences related to alcohol in young people including alcohol fuelled violence and major health issues. Despite evidence from leading health experts,†¦show more content†¦Consuming alcohol at 18 years of age can interfere with the development of the young adult’s brain and studies show â€Å"physical changes in the brain and evidence of impaired problem solving and other cognitive fun ctioning†. This results in influencing the child’s ability to reach their full educational potential. An article from Oct 2015 ‘15 Shots of Vodka Killed Our Daughter’ by Andrea Todd explains the death of 17 year-old Shelby Allen and is just one example of the influence alcohol has on young adults. Shelby was at a party where she and her 18 year old friends had decided to take shots. Her friends state that they wanted to see how many shots it would take for them to pass out. Eventually 15 shots later, Shelby’s body was unable to comprehend the toxicity of the alcohol and had died. This article is just one of the many stories where young adults are clearly unaware of the dangers of alcohol and its alarming consequences. Through surveying different age groups of societies we were able to identify that young adults where greatly more unaware of the health problems associated with consuming alcohol rather than adults. This alone indicates that older adul ts of 21 years and over have better knowledge on the dangers of alcohol and its impacts. The need to increase the drinking age to 21 years of age is indicated through health studies,

Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Institute OF Electrical Electronics Engineers? Answer: Introduction In this semester I have been able to be part of class of marketing project which was one of my core subjects I undertook. As I reflect on this class there are memorable moments which have encountered and would like to share them. In the essay I will discuss what I really learnt in the class in relation to the marketing, learning and aspect of the teamwork (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). Additionally, I will also look at what I would have done differently next time I have a marketing project or have to work in a team. What I learnt about marketing In this class I found it to be useful and motivational. I think that my knowledge and skills have improved after I attended the class. My understanding of marketing has expanded considerably due to attending this class , including the worldwide method to the issues concerning marketing aspects in facts I found that the methods of the marketing especially in the aspect of the business has become more complicated as a result of the impact of the globalization to it (Calco and Veeck, 2015). I have gained new knowledge in areas such as multimodal delivery and the effect to the numerous outcomes, challenges related to marketing of learning material particularly to the digital age to the tertiary students. Other areas are on the marketing research for the international markets. I might also put forward that my view concerning marketing revolutionized during the course within this semester. In the past I accustomed to view marketing as the sole responsibility to the marketing division. I ad ditionally used to think that all the activities that are associated with the marketing of the goods and services were basically undertaken by just one department (Hair and Lukas, 2014). I am now of the look at that marketing is a cross functional activity that is facilitated by team work within a company. I have also started to appreciate the relevance of the developing worldwide outlook in relation to the modern marketing executives becoming closely familiar to the differences of the traditional meaning of marketing (Pondel and Korczak, 2017). Learning The tutor who was taking us through this class went over board to make sure we grasp the various concept related to the marketing. During the class he showed us how to spot the global marketing opportunities through referring to the real life class studies especially to the global business world (Mummalaneni, 2014). I was surprised there was a lot to learn when it comes to the marketing project, and organization needs to do much to make sure their project could succeed. The tutor also chaired frequent discussion which took place during the class and they seemed to be motivating and encouraging when we discussed various aspects related to the marketing. Teamwork There are various concepts that are learnt related to teamwork as I was involved in many of them during this class. I got to learn a few things related to it and would share some. One of the things is that teamwork helps one to learn content at a deeper level which is equated to the understanding (Kleinaltenkamp, Plinke and Geiger, 2016). When the students are explaining concepts to each other, they argue for an answer, to justify the conclusion. Through that interaction they are able to clarify their own thinking and often it clarifies thinking of the other learners. Another thing learnt is working with the others. Teamwork helps the students to learn how to work with the other individuals outside the circle of friends, which include those who have various backgrounds along with experiences (Vos, 2015). They could even learn how to work with those who disagree with them. When having a marketing project In case I have a marketing project in future again, there are various things I would do differently. One of them is to try get ahead of the class before it start. In this class I had lagged behind and I missed a few things at the beginning. In case I had a similar class I would read, research and prepare myself effectively to enable me to have content and knowledge and the course would be much easier when the concepts are discussed. I would also try to consult more in the future particularly to the concepts that I do not understand in the class with the tutor. Have to work in a team When I work in a team again in the future, I would build the effectiveness of the team through acting in excellent methods to ensure that the other members of the team might imitate and follow. I will not ridicule any specific member of the team but instead praise and at the same time give credit to the good works each of them has accomplished (Gagnon, 2016). Another thing I would do is to encourage the creation of the strong and mutual relationships between the members of the team. Overall what was your experience In this class I had a good experience. The professor was punctual in all the classes, the classmate had positive energy. The concepts which were taught in regards to marketing have widened a great deal of knowledge to me. Through the teamwork we had especially during the discussion of the assignment we were able to forge relationship with the others beyond the classroom setup. Additionally, the relationship promoted respect and discipline accounting the members of the team. Weekly diary Week 2 The group formation Introduction done to the group members Selection of the topic to discuss Creation of a group in social media for discussion Week 3 Looking at the topic Discussion of the topic for making the report Formulating a draft for the report Week 4 Reviewing the proposal and finalizing on it Submitting of the first assignment Briefing on the second assignment to the members Week 5 The members to discuss on the second assignment Discussion on the topic for the project Selection of various aspect on the assignment to carry a report Week 6 Members discuss on the draft for the second assignment Receiving feedback from the class coordinator and further discuss on the first assignment Division of the first assignment to the team members based on feedback given and making the correction Break week Revision of the draft from the first assignment Finalize on the report and hard over the first assignment Week 8 The individuals formulate their own draft on the sections they were given The members discuss on the draft they provide and various feedback given Week 9 The members decide on the various drafts and select the best from the options The content are then joined together and the final draft has is relevant The members review the draft and also consider the feedback provided Week 10 The members submit the draft to the coordinator to give feedback on the subject When the feedback is given the member finalize on the report The final report is then submitted. References Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015. Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Calco, M. and Veeck, A., 2015. The markathon: Adapting the hackathon model for an introductory marketing class project. Marketing Education Review, 25(1), pp.33-38. Gagnon, E., 2016. The Marketer's Action Plan (MAP): Six Steps to Developing Effective Marketing Plans in B2B Marketing Programs. International Management Review, 12(2), p.56. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014. Marketing research (Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Plinke, W. and Geiger, I., 2016. Business Project Management and Marketing. Springer. Mummalaneni, V., 2014. Reflective essay and e-portfolio to promote and assess student learning in a capstone marketing course. Marketing Education Review, 24(1), pp.43-46. Pondel, M. and Korczak, J., 2017. A view on the management of analysis and exploration of marketing data. In 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Vos, L., 2015. Simulation games in business and marketing education: How educators assess student learning from simulations. The International Journal of Management Education, 13(1), pp.57-74.

Information Technology and the Way in Which It Has Changed Peoples Daily Lives

Living in the era of the informational society is not easy. Because of the reassessment of the economic, political and cultural values within the globalized environment of the XXI century, it has become necessary to adapting towards a completely new set of principles that rule the economics, business, finances and even culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology and the Way in Which It Has Changed People’s Daily Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the need to study information as a phenomenon and come up with the concept of information management emerges. By using the skills acquired and trained in the process of studying the ISys 100 course, one can not only learn the specifics of information acquisition, distribution and management in the XXI century, but be able to use these skills of information management to their personal advantage, as well as to the advan tage of the present-day economy and business sphere. Before going any further, it is necessary to define the key concepts that the course has to offer. To start with, one must mention that the ISys 100 course is traditionally represented as the unit that introduces people to the opportunities that technology of the XXI century has to offer. Allowing students to embrace the role that technology plays in the lives of the XXI century people, the given course teaches the basics of information and technology and provides comprehensive data regarding the modern methods of knowledge management and information processing, mainly the computer assisted ones. Thus, the role of technology in people’s daily lives is explained thoroughly in the given course, thus, allowing for using technological advances to their full potential. When it comes to defining the positive effects that the information technology can have on the people attending it, one must mention the fact that it has redefine d the pace of lives of modern people.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, seeing how the latest technological innovations are exposed to vast discussions and help people sneak a peek at how the [present-day media actually works, one might argue that IT helps people get rid of the fear that technology makes them dependent on computer assisted communication. For example, the recent research regarding the use of Internet among tourists has shown that most people prefer to spend their vacation in the places where they can have an Internet access – and, in fact, they do, therefore, turning the entire idea of a vacation into surfing the Net: â€Å"The finding of the higher incidence of Internet access for VFR trips versus pure leisure trips could suggest a more likely setting for retained behaviors than more unfamiliar environments† (MacKay Vogt 2012, p. 1397). The re is no secret that in the present-day world, new forms of media, especially social networks, have changed the landscape of communication impressively. As a result, a number of people are afraid that technology will oust traditional communication. Offering a fairly simple and understandable user interface, Information Technology, in its turn, shows that these fears have little to do with reality once modern media is used responsively, and, more to the point, shows how to be responsible in using it. Another effect that the Information Technology has on the people using it, the possibility of acquiring information literacy should be mentioned. Defined traditionally as the skills of acquiring, distributing, processing, analyzing and utilizing information for specific purpose, as well as using different types of media, including both traditional and new ones, for attaining data, information literacy has become a necessary part of being a valuable professional in practically any field, from IT sphere and business down to industry and trade.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology and the Way in Which It Has Changed People’s Daily Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the list of options that the Information Technology provides to its users, the latter will be capable of locating, assessing and using the available sources of information to their advantage. The given skill is of special significance in the era of globalism, when the oversaturation of markets with various products will lead to tangible complexities in making the right choice. By defining the most credible information sources with the help of the information literacy skills acquired in the course of learning to use the Information Technology of the XXI century, one will be able to choose the right product. The significance of information literacy, however, comes into the open not only i n the field of economy, but also in business, finances, culture, and other aspects of people’s lives where the abundance of information makes the choice making procedure complicated. Though definitely being of huge importance for an average citizen, information literacy is not the only set of skills that the economics course offers students to attain in order to make not only their professional life, but also their everyday existence more comfortable and pleasant. Basic computer literacy, which is also an important constituent of the economics course, defines people’s capability of critical thinking, which is crucial not only for their academic performance, but also for their ability to form an opinion, as well as their resistance to being manipulated by the people using and bending information to their advantage. In addition, information literacy as â€Å"the ability to find, evaluate, and use information efficiently, effectively, and ethically to answer an informati on need† (Lanning 2012, p. 2) is the skill that protects people from the politically committed information that bombards them on a daily basis in order to make them give up their own point of view in favor of particular political or economic goals. With the help of information literacy, people will be able to differentiate between the credible and less credible sources, their skill of defining the veracity of a particular information source being increased radically after cognizing the nature of Information Technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The unbelievably large amount of education opportunities that open in front of the people using the opportunities provided by Information Technology to the full, therefore, should be touched upon. More to the point, the Information Technology of the XXI century allows for defining the link between technology and globalization, as well as the effects that both have on the lives of ordinary people. Indeed, even though the significance of globalization has been discussed amply enough to recognize its effect on the economical and financial processes within a particular state and to have the concept of globalization on everyone’s lips in both traditional and new media, the role of the given process in everyday life is still rather vague. The Information Technology, however, makes the pieces fall into places by showing that technology does affect everyday life, and acknowledges that these effects are not necessarily good. Moreover, the Information Technology teaches how to handle t he disadvantages that technology combined with the effects of globalization brings into everyday life. For instance, the communication issue, which has been mentioned above and which, probably, is by far the most controversial aspect of globalization, is explored rather well during the course. In addition, such important issue as security ion the era of globalization is also explained very well during the course. Indeed, when most of one’s personal information is stored on an external carrier, such as a flash drive, or, which is even less secure, is contained in a database, it is crucial to make sure that the data is secure enough. Seeing how globalization presupposes that information sharing becomes the guiding principle for cooperation between partners and friends, data leakage and the following identity theft becomes disturbingly plausible. Therefore, the issues regarding technology and security in the age of globalization, which have been discussed vastly over the ISys 10 0 course, have been of great help for the people attending the lectures. Needless to say, new types of media and the availability of information have led to creating new challenges and new opportunities. However, mostly because these types of media are so new, the chances that the provide people with remain head-scratchingly vague. As a result, most of these opportunities pass unnoticed in everyday life. If it was not for the introduction of Information Technology into the lives of ordinary people, these chances would have never been discovered, after all; thankfully, the course exists and outlines the major chances that every single common person can put to use in their daily life. For example, with the advent of the Information Technology it has become obvious that technology makes the routine actions that take quite a big chunk of people’s everyday life impressively less time consuming. Indeed, with the introduction of technology into people’s lives, it has become p ossible to save time for more important activities, i.e., studying, work and leisure, while such procedures as information acquisition and transfer are performed on a much faster pace. Several A-sheets of notes of lecture material, which would have taken several hours of re-writing a few years back nowadays take a few seconds of scanning and sending to a particular person or even group of people; as a result, people may have more time to spend on studying, getting ready for the test, learning new information or simply taking rest. Another impressive issue that the Information Technology sheds some light on and that it has introduced into the lives of millions of people, knowledge economy deserves a proper mentioning. While the concept of knowledge economy does not actually constitute a part of any person’s everyday life, it has had a distinct effect on the way in which people all over the world perceive knowledge in general, since it involves â€Å"learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information and synthesize ideas† (Hoffer 2012, para. 5) and, thus, demands that knowledge should be viewed as a tool and not an end in itself. Though clearly coined in order to provide more room for further studies of the impact of technology on economy, the term â€Å"knowledge economy† can also be traced in everyday life of ordinary people. While the idea of transforming knowledge and education into the subject of trade and economic relationships might seem somewhat weird, it still creates the premises for reconsidering the values within the contemporary society. Indeed, education options have never been as numerous as they are now that he Information Technology has erased boundaries between most states all over the world. It literally â€Å"brought a new dimension in the field of education† (Application of Information technologies in our daily lives 2013, para. 5). As it has been stressed in a recent articl e regarding the new challenges and chances in education, We can each type of information to stay home if we need. Famous books in the world are available and easily accessible via the Internet. Every day we are now new information and using information. It is now used in the e-banking system. We conduct our operations online banking. At this time it also has a huge impact on the area of ​​treatment. (Application of Information technologies in our daily lives 2013, para. 5) With the advent of information technology, people no longer take knowledge for granted – quite on the contrary, knowledge has finally gained a status of a valuable object that is worth acquiring. As a result, the concept of education is being fully restructured in the present-day society. By explaining the economic value of knowledge and education to an everyday person, one has made it possible to introduce the idea of lifelong learning as a viable idea to a common man. Therefore, it could be argued that information technology has given a new meaning to education. In many ways, new technology combined with the principles introduced by the globalization process has created the environment for lifelong learning, which does not necessarily concern education. With the help of new technology, people have learned how to acquire the necessary information fast and where to get it from; moreover, the necessity to train new skills was recognized after the introduction of technological innovations, which the latter should definitely be credited for. No matter how controversial some of the aspects regarding new forms of media might be, it cannot be doubted that they have breathed new life into learning in everyday environment. It would be wrong to claim that technology has had only positive impact on the lives of modern people; quite on the contrary, there is enough controversy about new media and the way in which it shapes people’s lives. According to the recent researches, due to the increasing significance of networking in people’s lives, the rates of live conversation have dropped dramatically, which mean that social networking has ousted real life interactions almost completely. Although the negative effect that modern media has on people’s communication skills has not been technically proven yet, the fact that people prefer virtual communication to real one can be interpreted as a rather disturbing sign. However, the conflict of live communication vs. social networking is not the only issue that technology.poses to the modern society; apart from losing the skills of socializing, people also face the threat of becoming too dependent on the technological advances of the XXI century; therefore, what nowadays serves as a tool for making everyday life more comfortable will most likely be turned into crutches for people of the future to walk on instead of embracing what they are capable of on their own. More to the point, some of the optio ns that present-day technological advances offer to people for everyday life are somewhat pointless in that they add little to the actual experience without providing any valuable knowledge. Taking one of the latest innovations that have been on everybody’s mind since the announcement of the project being in development, Google Glass as an element of the XXI century IT seems rather redundant. True, the idea of a wearable computer (Google, Inc. 2014, para. 1) does sound awesome, yet the given gadget does not actually differ that much from any other computer except for the fact that it can be attached to a human half of the time. Therefore, it makes people more dependent on technology rather than it eases the process of information acquisition. Information Technology is by far one of the most efficient methods of learning about the potential of knowledge management in the XXI century. It helps people realize that information is not the end in itself, but the tool that can be us ed for a variety of purpose. By displaying the plethora of purposes that data can be utilized for, as well as the methods of data acquisition, processing and distribution, the course assists the people living within the realm of the informational society in learning to use the available data to their advantage and train their skills in technology in order to process and distribute the data in question as swiftly and productively as possible. The source of the greatest challenges and at the same time the biggest store of opportunities for modern people, Information Technology helps recognize the significance of information and define its potential, which students can use not only in the process of studying, but also in any other part of their lives, including professional and personal growth. Reference List Application of Information technologies in our daily lives 2013. Web. Google, Inc. 2014, Welcome to a world through Google Glass. Web. Hoffer, B 2012, ‘Preparation for work, ’ New York Times. Web. Lanning, S 2012, Concise guide to information literacy, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA. MacKay, K Vogt, C 2012, ‘Information technology in everyday and vacation contexts,’ Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1380–1401. This research paper on Information Technology and the Way in Which It Has Changed People’s Daily Lives was written and submitted by user Colten Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Integrating Instructional Technology Essay Example

Integrating Instructional Technology Essay Example Integrating Instructional Technology Essay Integrating Instructional Technology Essay Integrating Instructional Technology Technology is everywhere. All around us we have cell phones, computers, laptops, televisions, DVDs, CDs; the list can go on forever. Now, we can even incorporate technology into the classroom, which only seems appropriate with the times we are in. The evolution of technology continues to sky-rocket to new levels every day. But what types of technology can we use in the classroom? The most common technological devices seen in many classrooms are the overhead projectors and televisions with VCR/DVD players (Brill 2007). While these forms of technology are somewhat outdated, they can still be efficiently used, especially in low budgeted schools that cannot afford the up and coming technological advances. The overhead projectors are great to have to display notes and diagrams so the entire class can see them all at once without the teacher having to write and re-write the notes on a blackboard. And what student never got excited when they heard they were getting to watch a movie in class that day? Televisions with VCR/DVD players in the classroom are great ways to incorporate movies, television shows and new programs into any lesson, as long as they are used in moderation, of course. Having computers readily available for students is important to integrating technology into a classroom. There are many different computer programs that can be utilized in the classroom to assist with perfecting different skills. There are writing tools, typing programs, and games that can be installed on the computer that students can use to refine their writing, math, typing and reading skills. Also there are programs to make subjects seem more fun for students, such as science and history, by making it a game. And let us not forget about writing papers and creating projects. With programs like Word Processor and PowerPoint, students have the ability to not only refine their skills, but have the templates and resources to get creative (Brill 2007). These programs have great effectiveness in and out of the classroom. With the invention of the World Wide Web, the internet can also be a great tool to integrate into the classroom. By having a classroom website, or blog, the teacher can post important reminders about class, as wells as the notes from the lectures, or other resources or refer to when studying for exams. This gives the students the information literally at their fingertips, and there is no room for excuses that they were not aware of an assignment or did not have the notes. There is another form of technology that can be used in the classroom, and it is called Interactive TV (ITV), allowing students at different teaching sites to interact with each other and one instructor at the same time (Li 2010). The instructor can display the information through the television screen to other students at various locations, and all students are able to take part in discussions and questions, with the ability to hear and communicate together, across the globe. With technology evolving the way it does, university students going into the education field are required to take technology education courses to learn the different tools available to teachers, and how to utilize these tools when they themselves become teachers in a classroom (Wetzel 2008). These classes allow future educators the chance to learn effective ways to integrate the new technologies into their lessons. These practices are known as TPACK, or Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (Wetzel 2008), and were incorporated due to a lack of understanding how to incorporate new technologies into the classroom. So you see, technology has many great tools to utilize in the classroom, if the right resources present themselves. Knowing where to look to find these resources is up to the teacher and school. There are many more forms of technology that teachers can use in the classroom, and depending upon the school budget, can be readily available to anyone. How we use them is up to us. References Brill, Jennifer M. , and Chad Galloway. Perils And Promises: University Instructors’ Integration Of Technology In Classroom-Based Practices. British Journal Of Educational Technology 38. 1 (2007): 95-105. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Li, Chao. Teaching Lab Intensive Computer Technology Courses In An Interactive TV Classroom. Journal Of Technology Integration In The Classroom 2. 2 (2010): 29-44. Education Research Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Wetzel, Keith, Teresa S. Foulger, and Mia Kim Williams. The Evolution Of The Required Educational Technology Course. Journal Of Computing In Teacher Education 25. 2 (2008): 67-71. Education Research Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2011.

5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms

5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms 5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms 5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms By Mark Nichol Some words appear to be antonyms of other words because they consist of one of those words preceded by an antonymic prefix. However, the sense of the prefixed word may be only tangentially related to the root word. Here are some examples of such mismatches: 1. Apprehension/misapprehension: The most common sense of apprehension is of foreboding (â€Å"A cloud of apprehension enveloped her†), and it refers to capture (â€Å"The apprehension of the suspect followed quickly†), but it also means â€Å"perceiving or comprehending,† and it is this sense that applies in the antonym, which means â€Å"misunderstanding.† (The root word, apprehend, is from the Latin word for â€Å"to seize or grasp†; comprehend is related, as is reprehend literally, â€Å"to hold back from grasping† which means â€Å"to disapprove.†) 2. Alliance/misalliance: An alliance (the root word, ally, stems from the Latin word for â€Å"to bind†) is an association between two or more parties. A misalliance is technically defined in the literal antonymic sense of an inappropriate union, but it is seldom used that way; it usually refers to a marriage between mismatched partners. (The French forebear, mesalliance, is even more specific in denoting a person’s romantic liaison with someone beneath them in social standing.) 3. Demeanor/misdemeanor: Demeanor refers to someone’s manner or behavior, but misdemeanor is a legal term for a minor crime (though it can also generically mean simply â€Å"an offense†). By the way, demean, from the Latin word for â€Å"lead,† is the rarely used verb form of the former. The demean we usually employ is a homonym meaning â€Å"to degrade or put down† (from the German word for â€Å"to have in mind†). 4. Fortune/misfortune: Fortune (from the Latin word for â€Å"chance† or â€Å"luck†) has three distinct meanings: â€Å"wealth,† â€Å"destiny,† or â€Å"luck.† Misfortune is antonymic only to the latter sense; it does not refer to a dearth of riches or an absence of fate. 5. Giving/misgiving: Giving is the act of offering something. A misgiving, however, is a doubtful feeling about an impending event. Both words derive from a Scandinavian ancestor, with a Latin near cognate that means â€Å"to have.† The rare verb form misgive means â€Å"to be fearful† or â€Å"to suggest fear or doubt.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadAnyone vs. EveryoneWood vs. Wooden

No line sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No line sources - Essay Example God showed his blessings to humanity by choosing Abraham since the divine nature bestowed on him finally resulted in a huge clan, fastened by the twelve sons of Jacob, who considered the God of Abraham as their supporter and guardian. Jacob’s son hawked their young sibling, Joseph to dealers, who in turn hawked him as a slave in the Egyptian land. This was God’s work and plan since there came a time where there was famine in the land of Canaan and all the family was forced to go to Egypt to buy food. Unfortunately, Joseph rescued his family by providing them with food. This was a pure indicator of Good’s mercies to bless humanity. God promised Abraham that he will give him a son at his old age. The promises were finally fulfilled when he gave out his son at the old age. The son was Isaac and through his lineage, the world has turned to be a place of blessings. Through Abraham, God has made the world to turn to Him once more, despite the rejection and ignorance of mankind (Genesis 12:5-10). From the story of exodus, when God delivered his people from the land of suffering and misery to the Promised Land, it was an indicator that God was working to bless all humanity through the promises. This was also one of the promises that God gave to Abraham that He will give his people land to dwell in. this was a sign of blessings. The covenant also that God made to Moses, for example giving His people Ten Commandments to guide them through their life to avoid evils. The purification of his people on Mount Sinai was a significant indicator of God’s effort to bless his people (Exodus 5:3-12). God also showed blessing to the humanity through King David. David let known himself in the battle with the philistines at this period. When Saul and his son died, David was in position to assume leadership. He created an administrative center in Jerusalem that overextended from the boundary of Egypt

Personal Philosophy of Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Philosophy of Success - Essay Example After the accomplishment of all activities in plan, an individual can therefore count success by enjoying all what he/she has accomplished. In order to achieve success, an individual must come up with some strategies and plans. These strategies act as guidelines towards the achievement of success. Education is one of the major keys to success. Getting educated provides us with an opportunity to make critical decisions about our lives. It helps us to interact with different people and learn from each other. Education, to a great extend helps us, realize, accept and take full responsibilities of our lives (Rohn and Vic 34). My first strategy of success is to accept and take my responsibility in school. The realization of my responsibilities as a college student will become a good channel to my success. There are several activities that require special attentions within the school. Many of the activities performed in school are full determinants of my success. Reading extensively is my responsibility. This will give me a broader thinking that will enable me to handle difficult situations. It is my responsibility to make adequate preparations for my exams. This includes taking much time to study and revise for my exams. This will enable me to handle assignments with little difficulty and submit them in good time. My second strategy is on time management. In order to be successful in my collage life, I must manage my time properly. In order to achieve this, I will require preparing a timetable for my activities whereby.

Project Scope and Charter Essay Example for Free

Project Scope and Charter Essay The first phase of any project is the initiation phase. This phase commences when some type of business issue or opportunity is identified bringing about a proposal project to solve or address the issue or opportunity. The main deliverable of this phase is the project charter, which contains a broad view of what the project is about, who is involved, why the project is being conducted and how when the project will be carried out. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Once the charter is approved the project can move into the planning phase, which is where the charter is used to identify the scope of the project. This paper will examine the relationship between project scope and charter and highlight the benefits of each. Project Charter The project charter is a short document that serves as an informal contract between the project team and the sponsor of the project. (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg 84) This document contains only enough detail to get the project approved so it can move into the planning phase. Project Management Professional, Ritchie Hughes describes the charter as a representation of the â€Å"view from 3000 meters†. The project charter is usually drawn up by the Project Manager and team, or, in instances where a Project Manager has not yet been assigned, the project sponsor will complete the charter. Hughes explains that the functions of the â€Å"why† section of the charter are to ensure: the correct individuals will be consulted (e.g. stakeholders and governance), projects that are linked or dependent on the project in question are identified, the organization has enough resources (internally or externally) to complete the project, a business case for the organization is conveyed and that all the information is provided to support the executive team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Approval of the charter grants authority to the project manager to go through with the project and utilize the allotted budget or resources for the project activity. As the charter approval is the â€Å"Go/No Go† decision for the project, a non-approval means termination of the project. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Scope Approval of the project charter signifies the transition into the planning phase of the project. A critical part of the planning phase is identifying the scope of the project. Project scope is defined as â€Å"the work that must be performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.† (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg. 142) Ritchie Hughes explained that scope can also mean â€Å"the sum of products, services and results to be provided as a project.† The benefits of scope are that the work to be performed is clarified, listed and any work not to be completed (outside the project’s scope) is identified. Scope is also a useful tool in managing expectations and avoiding assumptions among stakeholders and the project team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Scope Creep A common issue when managing a project’s scope is dealing with scope creep. Scope creep can be defined as â€Å"the extra deliverables that can creep into a project.† (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 1) These â€Å"project improvements† can be very hard to avoid but may have a major effect on the project’s budget, timing or quality. Projects that may be susceptible to scope creep should have a scope change management plan that contains: a definition of scope change for the project, a process for submitting and reviewing scope changes, documentation needed for the change process and a tool to track change requests and their resolutions. (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 2,3) An understanding by both parties (project team and sponsor) of scope creep and its effects on the project, and an organized management plan will help avoid scope creep that may negatively affect the project’s success. Conclusion In the early stages of project management, two very important aspects are the project charter and scope of the project. Not all projects need a charter but understanding and managing the scope of a project will help the project team effectively complete the project in time and budget without â€Å"Gold Plating†. References Kloppenborg, T. J. (2012). Contemporary project management: organize, plan, perform (2nd ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. (2013). Managing Scope Creep. Collegiate Project Services, 1, 1-3. Hughes, R. (Director) (2013, January 31). Project Initiation: Scope Charters. Bus 427. Lecture conducted from Tom Rippon, Victoria.

The Symbolic Role of Birds in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay

The Symbolic Role of Birds in Kate Chopin's The Awakening The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a truly enlightening novel about a young woman who begins to really live her life for herself, breaking out of the various barriers of society and family. Chopin uses symbolism as an excellent tool to slip her ideas to readers, causing them to think, giving readers a glimpse into the life of this young woman at a time when women were harnessed by many restraints. The birds that appear throughout the novel are the most intriguing symbols; they are used many different ways, to mean many different things, and to portray various emotions and situations. As the novel begins, Chopin likens Edna to a bird in a gilded cage. Edna is not free, but that is okay because she has not yet begun to see what life has to offer; she has not yet begun to awaken. Through Edna's desire for Robert, she begins to realize that she is like the bird in the cage, not wanting for anything materially but still trapped. Edna cannot fly away to freedom; she is tied by social constraints and especially by he...

Economic environment of business assignment

Will biddeford's tram make a return?Question 1The central focus of this case is how Biddiford Tram Company, under the management of Mary Jo and Marty, can increase revenue and become profitable given the business constraints it must operate under, namely; (a) Loss of $0.15 subsidy per passenger from the State of Maine (b) Not increase the price of tram fare above $2.00 for two years and subsequently not above the rate of inflation. The railway tram would have to find a way to increase revenue to cover the loss of the $0.15 subsidy, provide a return on their investment while keeping the average fare at $2.00 during the season for two.Other notable business challenges to be addressed were; (a) The agreement the authorities had with the local trade union to keep manning levels high at Biddiford tram company. (b) Mary Jo and Marty had been instructed to charge all passengers including children, a flat fee such that children were not to be offered a discount on the fare. (c) A potential m arket in the local visitors who were very price-sensitive.QUESTION 2Option A – Shorten the season and concentrate on reducing cost (See Excelsheet OPTION A)If it was practicable, Option A would be a profitable route for Biddiford Tram Company to pursue. However, this option is not a viable one for the following reasons.1. There are businesses in Old Orchard Bay which depend on visitors at all times and not only at peak season because they are not seasonal businesses. Operating the Tram only at peak season would be detrimental to their business because they do depend as well on customers that come in the off-peak season.2. Shortening the season would displease the local trade union of the tram drivers because manning levels and therefore wages would be greatly affected by this. It would almost certainly lead to a dispute in the first two years and may hurt business moving forward.3. For the first two years at least, Biddiford Tram Company is still owned by the State of Maine a nd therefore a public service. It would be difficult to get approval from the authorities to shorten the season. The Trams and Old Orchard Bay are the community's top selling points. It won't work.QUESTION 3Option B – Use market power to increase passenger revenue across the seasonWhat Mary Jo means by having market power is that she understands that Biddiford Tram Company is a monopoly. A monopoly can either increase price or vary supply at a time but not both. Therefore, in this case, Biddiford Tram can increase its fare within the constraints it was given. The nature of a monopoly is such that the company is the only provider of that service and thus, it can segment its market. Hence, the off-peak fares for when mostly locals will use the tram service and peak fares for when mostly out-of-town visitors use it. This option allows Mary Jo to remain price-competitive and at the same time, gain as much of the market as possible.Year One and Year Two respectively (Option B)Tota l Cost (TC) = TVC + TFC Profit = Revenue – TCTFC = $330,528 Subsidy of $0.15 per passenger = (0.15 x 483336)TVC = VC + (0.15 x 483336) = 466353 + 72500 = $538,853Profit = $1,057,725 – ($330,528 + $538,853) = $188,344Year Three Total Cost (TC) = TVC + TFC Profit = Revenue – TCTFC = $330,528 Subsidy of $0.15 per passenger = (0.15 x 483336) TVC = VC + (0.15 x 483336) = 466353 + 72500 = $538,853Profit = $1,077,557 – ($330,528 + $538,853) = $208,176Year Four Total Cost (TC) = TVC + TFC Profit = Revenue – TCTFC = $330,528 Subsidy of $0.15 per passenger = (0.15 x 483336)TVC = VC + (0.15 x 483336) = 466353 + 72500 = $538,853Profit = $1,099,167 – ($330,528 + $538,853) = $229,786Option B will yield good returns for Biddiford Tram and make most of the season and market.

The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review

Running Head: EFFECTS OF HEROIN ON A PERSON The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heather Huber Walden University Psych 8226-04 Biopsychology Dr. John Redmon August 18, 2010 Abstract This literature review looks at the detrimental effects of heroin. Since many heroin users often become addicted, it is important to look at its ramifications. Beginning with a brief history of the substance, then discussing treatment programs for those who have problems with heroin abuse, this paper helps to better understand logical reasons that heroin is an illegal substance.The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, is an illegal drug in the United States and many other countries. Heroin has devastating results on the brain and body. This paper looks at heroin’s history, its consequences on the brain and body, addiction possibilities, and available options for treatment for hero in abusers. What is Heroin? Chemical make-up Breaking down the parts of the word, diacetylmorphine, di means two, acetyl is a radical derived from acetic acid, and morphine is a drug derived from the opium poppy plant used to relieve pain.Heroin, on the street, is generally not pure. Drug dealers often add other things in the drug to stretch their dollar (Furst, 2000). The term for adding things to a drug is called cutting it. According to Furst, easily attainable items, such as lactose and milk sugar, can cut heroin. Quinine, a psychoactive drug that enhances the heroin high, is also a common choice. History Upon researching the history of heroin, very few research articles were located. Many tend to focus on its results in present day life.Unfortunately, this inequity of information in Walden University’s academic databases, the internet provided much of the information regarding the history of heroin. Using vigilant discernment and precise judgment, the following informati on appeared relevant and valuable in understanding the path of heroin. Heinrich Dreser, an employee of the Bayer Company (the same as today’s Bayer Asprin), first discovered heroin in 1895 by diluting morphine (PBS, 1998).It was later that heroin was advertised and sold as an over-the-counter medication. Acknowledged for having the pain relieving effects of morphine, without the side effects and addictions, heroin became the new choice for pain relief. Unfortunately, a researcher in Bayer laboratories unethically withheld the truth of this information (HeroinAbuse. Net, 2007; PBS, 1998). The use, abuse, and addiction to heroin grew in the United States, and around the world, throughout the early 1900s.Access to heroin on the streets, despite its illegal status, became easier and soon it became a headliner when American celebrities (Janis Joplin, John Belushi, and Kurt Cobain, to name a few) overdosed and died due to use of the drug and its mixture with other illegal substance s (PBS, 1998). Today, heroin is still illegal, but is prominent in the lives of many who use or know someone who uses. Effects of Heroin on the Brain Drugs become illegal usually due to the negative consequences.Franken, Stam, Hendriks, and van den Brink (2004) found that heroin can have a negative result on the brain by limiting and exciting different areas leading the long time abuser to have negative characteristics similar to both Alzheimer’s patients and individuals with multiple sclerosis (dementia and brain lesions, respectively). While their study shared a lot about long-term users of heroin, it failed to present information regarding limited-use of heroin users. It is valuable information to know how heroin use affects both groups. The difference between users and abusers will be discussed in the addiction section of this paper. Li, et al. 2005) discovered major disruptions in the cerebral cortex and central nervous system when they autopsied accidental deaths of her oin addicts. While it is challenging to study the definitive effects of heroin on the brain in patients while alive, postmortem patients provide valuable information regarding the effects of heroin use on the brain. While traces of heroin were found throughout the brain, they discovered a larger amount in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia (Li, et al. , 2005). These heroin cells left lesions in the brain, which could have lead to decreased blood flow to the organs and even death (Li, et al. , 2005).It is clear that the brain is affected by the use of heroin, next we will look at the effects of heroin on the body. Effects of Heroin on the Body Heroin affects vision. Firth (2005) studied its effects. Many heroin users reported double vision (diplopia); the author thought it was important to see whether it was a temporary or permanent condition. Eye exercises or specially made glasses corrected the majority of diplopic conditions. Shao, et al. (2006), tested and found that those wit h the DRD4 VNTR long repeat allele were more likely to crave heroin after seeing heroin related stimuli, than with the similar DRD4 VNTR short repeat allele.This type of research provides information to future researchers to study this particular allele and perhaps find a â€Å"cure† for heroin addiction. While this may not be the only part of the human body that shows addiction tendencies towards heroin, it is a stepping-stone towards a future of understanding heroin addiction and maybe generalizes that information towards addictions to any substance. Addiction Addiction, in general, has been viewed from many different angles. Many influences encourage one to begin using a substance.O’Brien (2003) states that when discussing addition agent variable, there are three categories to take into consideration. First, agent variables include the onset and duration of the high, and price of the substance. Second, host variables include a risk-taking personality, likeliness of the person to get high, hereditary influences, and a desire to self-medicate. Lastly, environmental variables include peer pressure, and the use of a substance by a role model. These three groups of variables are important to take into consideration when identifying and analyzing an addiction.Viewing addiction from two perspectives, it is in one’s brain, or addiction is a chronic disease (O’Brien, 2003). Research has found that brain mapping is different in the brain of an addict than it is in the brain of a non-addict. Applying the disease approach to addiction, relapses are common and cannot be helped. The philosophy resembles the thoughts such as â€Å"would you punish a diabetic for having a sugar crash? † Many times the ideas behind addiction are challenging for people to comprehend when they have not had an addiction themselves or seen another person go through it.It is important for researchers to study addiction so that we can better understand it and he lp those who are addicted to substances. According to the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), an addiction to heroin would be classified as an opioid dependence. The characteristics of a person who is dependent upon heroin (a member of the opioid family) include the use of the drug without a prescription, self-medicating, obsession with obtaining the drug, high tolerance for the drug, and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly ended.Chiang, et al. (2006), looked at the likelihood of relapse for heroin users and found that of their 166 heroin abusers, approximately 80% of them relapsed in the five-year study. This is a larger percentage and ties into the idea of heroin addiction being a chronic disease that affects an individual throughout their life. Treatment With relapse having such prevalence in the life of heroin abusers trying to abstain, finding a successful treatment program is an important task. Blanken, et al. 2005), found significant success in programs t hat utilized a mix of heroin and methadone as a treatment to curb withdrawal symptoms, over those that used only methadone. One may question the help of using an addictive substance to treat an addiction, but it is similar to the idea of weaning a child off breast milk by slowly introducing bottles alongside the breast. While it takes some time for the weaning process, it decreases the likelihood of relapse. Gossop, Stewart, and Marsden (2006) found that participants in a methadone treatment program, who received drug related counseling, were less likely to elapse than those who received generic or no counseling. This is important information for clinics that have methadone treatments programs because they can use the research to enhance their programs to better fit their patients and help in their treatments. Research (Marissen, et al. , 2006) has found that in-patient patients, who showed interest towards heroin related cues, were more likely to relapse after treatment, than those who did not show interest in the cues. The next steps for future research may include assessing whether the desire for heroin makes treatment more difficult.Whether an addict has a problem in their brain, or whether they have a chronic disease, heroin use and abuse is a grave topic for consideration (O’Brien, 2003). From the characteristics that push a person to first try heroin, to the nagging need for the high of just one more hit, the drug is a dangerous chemical that can have serious repercussions on both the brain and the body. Researcher need to continue their work in examining heroin as a chemical, drug, and addictive substance in order to assist in the best treatment for its use. With continued research, there may be a cure for heroin addiction, or even addiction itself.References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Blanken, P. , Hend riks, V. M. , Koeter, M. W. J. , van Ree, J. M. , & van den Brink, W. (2005). Matching of treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients to medical prescription or heroin or oral methadone treatment: Results from two randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 100, 89-95. Chiang, S. -C.. Chan, H. -Y. , Chen, C. -H. , Sun, H. -J. , Chang, H. -J. , Chen, W. J. , Lin, S. -K. , & Chen, C. -K. (2006).Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 444-451. Firth, A. Y. (2005). Heroin and diplopia. Addiction, 100, 46-50. Franken, I. H. A. , Stam, C. J. , Hendriks, V. M. , & van den Brink, W. (2004). Electroencephalographic power and coherence analyses suggest altered brain function in abstinent male heroin-dependent patients. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 105-110. Gossop, M. , Stewart, D. , & Marsden, J. (2006). Effectiveness of drug and alcohol counseling during methadone treatment: content, frequency, and duration of counseling and association with substance use outcomes.Addiction, 101, 404-412. HeroinAbuse. Net. (2007). History of heroin. [Website]. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from http://www. heroinabuse. net/heroin_history. php Li, L. , Lu, G. , Yao, H. , Zhao, Y. , Feng, Z. , & Yew, D. T. (2005). Postmortem changes in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla of the heroin addicts. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 1443-1449. Marissen, M. A. E. , Franken, I. H. A. , Waters, A. J. , Blanken, P. , van den Brink, W. , & Hendriks, V. M. (2006). Attentional bias predicts heroin relapse following treatment. Addiction, 9, 1306-1312. National Kidney Foundation. (2008).Drug abuse and your kidneys. [Website]. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. kidney. org/atoz/atozItem. cfm? id=44 O’Brien, C. P. (2003). Research advances in the understanding and treatment of addiction. The Journal on Addictions, 12, S36-S47. PBS. (1998). Opium throughout history. [Website]. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history. html Shao, C. , Li, Y. , Jiang, K. , Xu, Y. , Lin, Y. , Wang, Q. , Zhao, M. , & Jin, L. (2006). Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism modulates cue-elicited heroin craving in Chinese. Psychopharmacology, 186, 185-190.

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Essays

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Essays Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Paper Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Paper Rizal was phenomenonal. He earned his first degree at 16 in the Philippines and never looked back. At 18 he ran away to Europe and earned a medical degree in Spain, and followed it up with degrees in France. While in Europe and in many in other countries during his travels around the world, he taught himself fluency in Spanish, German, English, and French and he did it all in a short 35 years of life. From childhood, he was a prolific writer and he remained so right up until minutes before being a martyr. Rizal’s reputation as a hero is well earned. He hated how the Spanish treated the natives of the Philippines, whom the Spanish called Indios. The novels and essays he wrote were aimed mostly at Spaniards back in Spain. His objective was to get them to stop the practices of Spanish friars and governors in colonial Philippines. I believe he was convinced that if the Spaniards in Europe knew of the cruelty and injustice going on in their colony for years, that they would finally interfere and stop the merciless brutality that had gone on for centuries. In Spain, Spaniards treated Rizal with respect and admiration, but for some reason the Spaniards in the Philippines were entirely different. They did not hesitate to use torture, terror and execution to keep their Indios under their complete control, and that included controlling Rizal as well. Spanish priests who were called friars, who called the shots in his home land. after years away, he returned to Manila and almost immediately the friars found a means to get him out of the way. He was found guilty of spreading sedition based on his anti-friar novels written while he was overseas. These novels were not intended to cause a Spanish overthrow, but to show decent, liberal-minded Spaniards how unjust things were back in his beloved islands. Jose was found guilty and exiled hundreds of miles away to the very fringes of the archipelago to the tiny town of Dapitan on Mindanao. He spent years there, and during the end of that time, a man named Bonifacio back in Manila put together the beginnings of a major revolt against Spain. Andres Bonifacio was captivating. Although he didn’t have the natural genius of Rizal, he was an incredible fellow just the same. He came from nothing and taught himself everything. The fact that he was poor, self-taught, and self-made, a man who could not afford any formal schooling, much less college, and yet excelled as a leader and independent thinker, he is great. I more I learn about Bonifacio the more I realize that this guy is a perfect form of an authentic Filipino. He has more in common with the bulk of the population here than most any other figure from this country’s past. He was born and raised in Tondo, a very poor place in the mid 19th century, and even more so now. He was dirt poor and suffered through the same troubles and problems that most Filipinos suffer today. Yet he overcame all those issues and became known as Supremo, the leader of the revolutionary government against Spain. Unlike Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio hated the Spanish and wanted nothing to do with them. Where Rizal wanted justice under the rule of Spain, Bonifacio wanted only Filipinos to be dominant over his own island. Also, Bonifacio was instrumental in writing the Katipunan, the guiding document of this country’s first home-grown government. despite no formal education, Andres managed almost single-handedly to spark THE most successful insurrection ever against Spain- and going back hundreds of years, there were scores of revolts and uprisings, all horribly crushed into bloody oblivion. His rebellion was so successful that today we call it The Philippine Revolution. Also, Bonifacio was instrumental in writing the Katipunan, the guiding document of this country’s first home-grown government.

5 Superstar Female Sociologists You Should Know

5 Superstar Female Sociologists You Should Know There are many female sociologists who do important work around the world, on topics ranging from the achievement gap, to global consumption patterns, to gender and sexuality. Read on to learn more about 5 superstar female sociologists. Juliet Schor Dr.  Juliet Schor  is arguably the foremost scholar of the sociology of consumption, and a leading public intellectual who was awarded the 2014 American Sociological Associations prize for advancing the public understanding of sociology.  Professor of Sociology at Boston College, she  is the author of five books, and co-author and  editor of numerous others, has  published a multitude  of journal articles, and has been cited several thousand times by other scholars. Her research focuses on consumer culture, particularly the work-spend cycle- our tendency to spend more and more, on things that we don’t need and that won’t necessarily make us happier. The work-spend cycle was the focus of  her  research-rich, popular companion hits  The Overspent American  and  The Overworked American. Recently, her research has focused on  ethical and sustainable approaches to consumption in the context of a failing economy and a  planet on the brink. Her 2011 book  True Wealth: How and Why Millions of Americans Are Creating a Time-Rich, Ecologically-Light, Small-Scale, High-Satisfaction Economy makes the case for shifting out of the work-spend cycle by diversifying our personal income sources, placing more value on our time, being more mindful of the impacts of our consumption, consuming differently, and reinvesting in the social fabric of our communities.  Her current research into collaborative consumption and the new sharing economy is a part of the MacArthur Foundations Connected Learning Initiative. Gilda Ochoa Dr.  Gilda Ochoa  is  Professor of Chicana/o and Latina/o Studies at Pomona College. Her cutting edge approach to teaching and research has her regularly leading teams of college students in community-based research that addresses problems of  systemic racism, particularly those related to education,  and community-driven responses to it  in the greater Los Angeles area. She  is the author of the 2013 hit book,  Academic Profiling: Latinos, Asian Americans and the Achievement Gap. In this book, Ochoa thoroughly examines the root causes of the achievement gap between Latino and Asian American students in California. Through ethnographic research at one Southern California high school and hundreds of interviews with  students, teachers, and parents, Ochoa reveals troubling disparities in opportunity, status, treatment, and assumptions experienced by students. This important work debunks racial and cultural explanations for the achievement gap.   Following its publication, the book  received two important awards: the American Sociological Associations  Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award for Anti-Racist Scholarship, and the Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Outstanding Book  Award from  the Society for the Study of Social Problems. She is the author of numerous academic journal articles and  two  other  books- Learning from Latino Teachers  and  Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican-American  Community: Power, Conflict, and Solidarity- and co-editor, with her brother Enrique, of Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism.  To learn more about Ochoa, you can read her fascinating interview about her book Academic Profiling, her intellectual development, and her research motivations. Lisa Wade Dr. Lisa Wade is a preeminent public sociologist in today’s media landscape. Associate Professor of Sociology at Occidental College, she rose to prominence as co-founder and contributor to the widely read blog Sociological Images. She is a regular contributor to national publications and blogs including  Salon, The Huffington Post, Business Insider, Slate, Politico, The Los Angeles Times, and Jezebel, among others. Wade  is an expert in gender and sexuality whose research and writing now focuses on hookup culture and sexual assault on college campuses, the social significance of the body, and U.S. discourse about genital mutilation. Her research has illuminated the intense sexual objectification that women experience and how this results in unequal treatment, sexual inequality (like the orgasm gap),  violence against women, and the socio-structural problem of gender inequality.  Wade has written or co-written over a dozen academic journal articles, numerous popular essays, and has frequently been a media guest on radio and television. In 2017, her book American Hookup was published, which examines hookup culture on college campuses. With Myra Marx Ferree, she  has co-authored a textbook on the sociology of gender. Jenny Chan Dr. Jenny Chan  is a  groundbreaking researcher whose work, which  focuses on issues of labor and working class identity in iPhone factories in China, sits at the intersection of the sociology of globalization and the sociology of work. By gaining hard-to-come-by access to Foxconn factories, Chan has illuminated many of the things Apple doesnt want you to know about how it makes its beautiful products. She is the author or co-author of numerous journal articles and book chapters, including a heartbreaking and analytically shrewd piece about a Foxconn suicide survivor,  and is writing a book with Pun Ngai and Mark Selden, titled  Dying for an iPhone: Apple, Foxconn, and a New Generation of Chinese Workers. Chan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Social Sciences at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and was previously a Lecturer at the University of Oxford. In 2018, she became the Vice President of Communications for the International Sociological Association’s Research Committee on Labour Movements. She has also played an important role as a scholar-activist, and from  2006 to 2009 was the Chief Coordinator of Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior (SACOM) in Hong Kong, a leading labor watch organization that works to hold corporations accountable for abuses happening in their global supply chains. C.J. Pascoe Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Dr. C.J. Pascoe is a leading scholar of gender, sexuality, and adolescence. Her work has been cited by other scholars  over 2100 times and has been widely cited in national news media. She is the author of the  groundbreaking and highly regarded book  Dude, Youre a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School, winner of the 2008 Outstanding Book Award from the American Educational Research Association. The research featured in the book is a compelling look at how both formal and informal curricula at high schools shape the development of gender and sexuality of students, and how in particular, the idealized form of masculinity boys are expected to perform is premised on the sexual and social control of girls. Pascoe is also a contributor to the book  Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living  and Learning with New Media.   She is an engaged public intellectual and activist for the rights of LGBTQ youth, who has worked with organizations including Beyond Bullying: Shifting the Discourse of LGBTQ Sexuality, Youth in Schools, Born This Way Foundation, SPARK! Girls Summit, TrueChild, and the Gay/Straight Alliance Network. Pascoe is working on a new book titled Just a Teenager in Love: Young People’s Cultures of Love and Romance and is a co-founder and co-editor of the blog Social In(Queery).

Goodwill and routine emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Goodwill and routine emails - Essay Example I encourage you to consider the power of the written word. Please review the following website to gain valuable insight about how to best make this happen: http://csun.edu/vcecn006/email.html. 5) No personal emails are to be sent from any company computer. Please remember that our resources are limited, and we need to reserve space on our sever strictly for communication with our clients. This includes no forwarding of emails and no mass emails to company departments, without approval of your immediate supervisor. I realize that change is difficult at first, but this new policy is being implemented in an effort to step up the level of great service we already offer to our clients. We need to begin carefully consider how we reach out to our customers and how the words we say impact our ability to close the sale. While these changes are non-negotiable, I certainly understand that you may have some questions about them. Please know that my door is always open and I am available to help explain the rationale behind these decisions. In addition, my management team stands at the ready to help you implement these changes. You will, for example, want to create folders in your inbox in order to retain and organize your messages. This can be done with ease, but it would be helpful to know some shortcuts to make that transition simple and painless. Please begin scheduling times with your team if you need assistance. Remember that the company email policy does go into effect on Monday, so I hope that each of you spends the remainder of the week getting yourselves prepared. As mentioned in our course readings, it is important to write professional emails in a business setting. Since emails are meant to simulate verbal conversations, we need to ensure that we maintain a proper tone in our communication. This involves, among other things, avoiding all capital letters, alternative font

International Business - Change Management Case Study

International Business - Change Management - Case Study Example It has won the following awards: the Northern Ireland Quality Award (twice); the Supreme Irish Quality Award; the parent company's overall quality award (four times); and the British Quality Award. With a turnover f around 258 million, it is among the top 10 companies in Northern Ireland, and is viewed as an exemplar by many local organizations. In addition, BTNI is one f the few companies in Ulster to have undertaken both TQM and large-scale BPR. The need for effective change management dates back to the mid-1980s when the parent company was privatized. Its former monopoly status and Civil Service ethos did little to equip the company to survive and prosper in a market-place which was changing at a rapid rate and becoming increasingly competitive. It quickly became apparent that a new culture, skills and value system were needed--the customer could no longer remain out f sight and out f mind'. Accordingly, this subsidiary, which with around 2600 employees is the smallest f the nine geographical zones' that together cover the whole f the UK, began its formal total quality journey in 1986. Senior management, with involvement from the corporate chief executive office, drew up the company's vision statement and quality policy, and its first cost f quality exercise was undertaken. This revealed that BTNI was overmanned, inefficient and expensive. Benchmarking exercises indicated that BT had approximately 10 times more staff than some f its major competitors. At this point the company could be described as being in crisis'. Its response to this crisis is interesting and informative. Response to crisis. Many writers believe that companies which regard themselves as being in crisis have no option but to re-engineer. It is also argued that the potential risks f BPR make it a last option for businesses, used only for company turnaround. Ryan (1994), for example, states that, in reality, crisis is the necessary trigger to push companies into such radical change. Talwar (1993) takes the opposite view, arguing that high-performing companies are more likely to undertake BPR. This is consistent with Bashein et al. (1994), who consider that re-engineering in a crisis may be inappropriate, as crisis can promote fear and even panic, neither f which is conducive to focused BPR. At BTNI, rather than immediately rushing into re-engineering, senior management developed a complex and long-term change strategy, key elements f which were BS 5750/ISO 9000 accreditation, total quality and, finally, process re-engineering. BTNI's improvement journey. Once the vision statement and quality policy were in place, a Quality Council was established to drive the company's improvement efforts. Figure 1, which maps the company's improvement journey, is revealing. As can be seen, early moves towards TQM in the mid-1980s proved less than successful, when compared with the rate f improvement achieved after BS 5750 accreditation. This was awarded for the company's maintenance operations in 1988/89 and for installation in 1991, followed by ISO 9001 accreditation for all parts f the company in 1993. BTNI's experience is consistent with

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Business report - Essay Example Manufacturing only accentuates the packaging industry operations. Packaging is itself a wide and complex industry. It takes different forms. This is because products to be packaged are different. For this reason, you find that the industry is as diverse as the products to be packaged. Liquids cannot be packaged the same way solids like biscuits are packaged. The magnitude of the product to be packaged is also considered when it comes to packaging. As the cost of packaging trickles down to the cost of producing the entire product, then size is a key feature which if ignored it would result to unknown costing mistakes. This report presents a detailed business report on a plastic bottle manufacture. Bottling is a giant industry. Basically, many liquid processors have often opted for bottling to package their output. The convenience which comes with bottling lacks an equivalent. Plastic bottling is accommodative to many forms of liquids and hence many manufacturers result to it. Any investor who wants to invest in the most dynamic industry then needs to embrace plastic bottle packaging industry. It is a sector where the rate of return is high and risks involved are minimal. Actually it is the only industry which violates the principles of investment of the higher the risk the higher the profit. The report analyses possibility of entrance into the market. It gives details of the market analysis and its interpretations. All costs involved have been analyzed. These costs include the Fixed and variable costs. Budgeting is a key element in the financial management of any organization and this report includes a budgetary estimate which comes with production of these plastic bottles. The stocking aspects have been taken into account also to ensure that the best policy is adopted in the implementation of plastic bottles production. Production of these bottles call for technical inputs. This report presents a

Quality Services Improvement

Quality Services Improvement The Quality of Services in Emirates Airlines: The Challenges of Continuous Improvement Summary This study examines quality of services at Emirates Airlines and reflects on the associated market orientation. The study also examines challenges and avenues for continuous improvement. These inter-connected objectives shape three research questions that are addressed based on customer responses to a structured instrument. This instrument has its origins embedded in the wealth of developments in methodological aspects to do with service quality assessment. The ‘perception- expectation gap and the gap with respect to ‘service delivery are reviewed across a multitude of research studies that are pegged around the central conceptual feature of SERVQUAL. This concept is discussed in detail including instances of its use in examining the airline industry. A structured close ended questionnaire informs this study that uses data generated from 250 respondents. The study is limited in methodological rigor due to use of descriptive statistics alone but at the same time provides a rich narrative using the data that is often not possible unless results are very strongly skewed in the case on inferential statistics. The lack of robustness has arisen due to data gaps which the study acknowledges. Findings suggest that staff training on understanding the scope of service quality, and continuing with modernization and infrastructure upgrade- should be on top of the agenda at Emirates. The results also show that personalized attention provided to customers is a key selling point in why customers choose Emirates, but that there is lack of understanding related to proper customer relations management. Some conflicting results also tend to suggest that the dichotomy between customer expectations and perceptions is influenced by the relative offerings competitor airlines make. There is also a hint that short term resource impetuses like frequent flyer schemes do not do much to improve service quality perceptions. It is the long term embedded development of staff capabilities and understanding about the holistic nature of service quality that may prove to be ‘the competency for sustained competitive advantage. The study posits a need for further research in developing comparabl e service quality metrics across international airlines that are available only in the US at present (AQR), and also a need for comparative case studies in the industry to inform globalization intentions. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Background Emirates airlines is one of the largest and probably the most consistently profitable airlines of recent times. Since its inception in 1985 it has grown astronomically and in the last couple of years it has embarked upon a fleet upgrade and expansion that dwarfs other major airlines. It sailed through the 9/11 related downturn in aviation business, and the disturbance in the gulf to become an airlines whose success formula mystifies management wisdom. Off the cuff solutions to issues and problems as they arise seems to have worked exceedingly well for the airline. The airline claims to have an open culture and an open agenda where the need of privacy does not subsume the need to deliver from individual competencies under what can be termed a ‘fluid strategy process (Sull et al, 2006). The focus on fine issues and macro aspects alike are shared across all management levels comprising a multi-cultural workforce like no other airline. The company is used to making leaps whether it is by using the recognition from airline of the year award in 1994 to establish itself among the giants, to the massive fleet expansion in 2004-2005- to become the envy of even the giants. Surviving the 9/11 depression clearly points to the merits in Emirates approach. The key issue seems in operating as a family, where when other airlines were downsizing and cutting staff, Emirates kept status quo on these fronts and communicated a feeling of belonging in its staff. This was the crucial lever that kept Emirates going- and in fact even prosper in times that were so trying for the industry. As Carlzon (1989) notes in his aft cited work ‘Moments of Truth this is flattening of structure in the true sense so that messages get across quickly and effectively makes for a â€Å"powerful organisation that serves customers better and unleashes the energy in employees†. However, putting both these together to fine tune the market orie ntation through service quality is a challenge especially in times of growth and high momentum in external factors affecting the industry. Other beliefs at Emirates like around the prosperity of Dubai that it keeps as the nerve centre of its network, and keeping a rather conservative outlook towards alliancing with other airlines are not conventional. These shape a flexible core around which other attitudinal and behavioral aspects of the business model emerge. This emergence has often been punctuated with imposed or deliberated change this study takes place at a time of deliberated change that of rapid expansion of Emirates airlines across the globe (Leckic, 2007). The openness also transcends into the beliefs the airline has. The airline now seeks to grow more aggressively and reduce overt centering on Dubai. Creating a global brand based on current success is on the agenda. The airline realizes that reputations in a service industry are leveraged around service quality. In this light as it stretches out to routing across the globe and hiring more staff and acquiring physical infrastructure, that service quality does not get compromised remains a concern close to heart (Sull et al, 2006; Byles, 2007, Leckic, 2007; Sending 2008). 1.2. Motivation The international airline industry has seen a struggle to deliver profitability alongside ‘truly satisfying the flying public (Van Pham and Simpson, 2000). The alliancing arrangements, route mapping and offering packaged services through such alliances have tried to affect industry standards of service quality- which may not be the true reflection of customer expectations. The perception of customers about what is central to service quality vis-à  -vis the state of affairs in crucial for informing service quality initiatives and the market orientation of a firm. Needless to say given the dynamic nature of offerings that exist across industries including the airline industry, such expectation-perception balances are continuously shifting, and are even more fast moving for an airline that is growing rapidly and encountering new customers around the globe. The challenge also thus extends to one of continuous improvement (Emirates, 2005-2007). Given the success of Emirates and its unprecedented growth and plans for growth, it is clear that customer perceptions will be central to deciding performance in the future. In times of growth and expansion to new routes the probability of variation in service quality levels and variation in customer expectations is likely to be higher. How the airline can absorb such feedback to modify and fine tune its strategic marketing in the global environment is intriguing for managers, academics, and the wider industry -all having been amazed at the Emirates story so far. This study examines customer perceptions about service quality and relates it with market orientation to ponder over the way forward for Emirates, clearly something very central to research and practitioner interests in Emirates. The recommendations may also have some food for thought for the airline itself as it seeks continuous improvements for a story that is already a bestseller. From a methodological perspective the use of service quality assessment approaches like the SERVQUAL and its interface with the market orientation of the company has been a motivation (Webb, 2000; Engelland, 1998; Devlin et al; 2002; Van Pham and Simpson, 2006). That these have informed the airline industry among others on service quality, customer and market orientation among others make this research founded on robust theoretical and methodological grounds. 1.3. Research Questions This dissertation seeks to examine service quality at emirates, and examine the way forward as the airline seeks to market its image in times of rapid investment and growth. The first builds upon the second as it is service quality perceptions as customer views that need to be the focus when shaping marketing strategies. This is in particular for a business model that is well resourced as in the case of Emirates and the main concern seems to be of monitoring and improving customer uptake of service quality as the airline grows. This is to be contextualized with the market orientation of the company so far for shaping key initiatives that can augment the alignment between customer perceptions of service with their expectations of the same. Thus three central questions that inform this dissertation are: What factors affect service quality perceptions about Emirates airlines? What factors are perceived to be central in informing continuous service quality improvement initiatives? How do these perceptions associate with the market orientation of the airline from past initiatives? 1.4. Dissertation Outline The dissertation starts with an introduction to the context, scope and potential contributions from this study as here. The next chapter examines the literature in detail examining the concept of quality before leading on to the idea of service quality and research to develop methodological and conceptual paradigms around it. The idea of market orientation as a complement and associated aspect is also dwelled upon before closing the literature review that also uses research evidence across industries including the airline industry. The hypotheses development chapter links the research questions to the backdrop of service quality drawing upon the research site of the airline industry and the conceptual orientation from the literature review. The Hypotheses are aligned closely with a structured instrument that is discussed in the approach and methodology chapter. The approach and methodology chapter also provides for a rationale for selection of methodology, issues in conducting the study, limitations, and a time plan based narrative of how the study has been conducted. The sample profile, data and methods in analyses description here is carried forward in the findings chapter where results associated with each of the hypotheses are presented. A discussion chapter connects the results for a further discussion on implications and then leads on to conclusions. Here the recommendations are once again highlighted as study deliverables under each of the research questions. This is followed by a discussion on study li mitations that include revisiting methodological limitations discussed before. The final chapter closes by some focused suggestions about future research in the area of service quality that are argued to be of much use for the industry and for globally expanding firms like the Emirates Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This comprehensive literature review builds up the agenda of examining service quality in extant literature by starting off in the realm of Quality itself. In discussing TQM and consumer expectations it opens up a window to start examining the specialized concept of service quality. This concept is discussed in all its nuances especially around SERVQUAL definite leap both conceptually and methodologically in this area. This is linked up with the idea of market orientation to extract a conceptual backdrop relevant to the investigation under this study. The use of extant research both in the airline industry and in other industries provides for resources to adapt the concept of ‘gaps and dichotomy between service expectations and perceptions to shape hypotheses and instrument to collect data for this study. 2.2 The concept of Quality Quality has always concerned the societal intent of consumption. The reasons are fairly colloquial at one level where lack of quality can result in insufficient and unsatisfactory delivery of requirements from a product or service. At another level given the growing complexity of the business processes over the last century quality has evolved into a discipline characterized by an equally intertwined interface between control, assurance, and management in general (Dooley, 2006). Broadly speaking in the business context quality is the ‘perception of the ability of a product to satisfy its users. By extension it also applies to the processes and management of the processes that shape the product. However, the satisfying paradigm underpinning quality has multiple manifestations: â€Å"conformance†, â€Å"fitness for use†, â€Å"basic minimum requirements vs. attractiveness†, and as a matter of â€Å"interest and individual disposition† to name a few (e.g. Juran, 1945; Pirsig, 1974; Corsby, 1981; Kano, 1984; Reeves and Bednar, 1994). The definition of quality is rather difficult to come by because of the sheer nature of its wide applicability and strands of origin- ranging from the practical business origins to metaphysical origins. The American Society for Quality aptly captures this subjectivity in understanding quality by stating it as †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"a subjective term for which each person has their own definition† (Wade, 2005; ASQ, 2007). Quality management is made up of two complementary aspects one is quality assurance and the other is quality control. The former is about ensuring a basic minimum standard through upfront production process design. The latter is about reviewing and monitoring output to wean out the ‘defectives. Assurance is thus inherently preventive and control is mainly curative in a functional sense (Gunter, 1998). Irrespective of the disparate origins, quality management can be safely said to be largely associated with the idea of excellence. A range of concepts and their operationalisation stem from this broader view of quality and mark the growth in research and practice of quality management. Six Sigma, Quality Circles, and Total Quality Management- are but a few from amongst numerous such frames of reference (dti, 2007). The idea of quality at the advent of the century had been around as a selection paradigm- accepting the superior and rejecting the inferior and biased towards ‘control at best- most of the time the evaluation came from the end user. Along the business value chain as production became large scale after the 1st World War- quality assurance procedures started becoming formalized. It was not only the ‘end of the road customer assessment but also a series of filters ensuring only the better quality output being delivered to the customer made control and assurance an important in house practice . The inspection oriented quality control schema had its problems mainly in terms of competent individuals that could ensure monitoring despite not being the ‘know all skill set champions. Formalized roles of inspection and quality manager thus emerged and along side assurance models provided a great lift to quality management as a capability. Generic tools for quality management l ike the control chart emerged in the 1920s and statistical process control matured towards the middle of the century. The revival of the manufacturing of war torn Japan on mature principals of quality control and management finally brought quality management into the forefront. By the end of 1970s it was a global pre-occupation with everyone trying to imitate the success of Japanese low cost and high quality products (dti, 2007; Dooley, 2006). When the word total quality came to the fore in 1970s and finally pinned quality management as a fundamental capability that ran through the organization. The Wests take on quality management was more about ‘standards than ‘culturalisation-but based around the same operational frameworks as in Japan. These gave rise to national standards in response to the need to have a quality association with the national economy as a whole. At the business level quality is now a key management responsibility and a functional paradigm that has continuous improvement at its very heart (Gitlow et al., 1989). Aside from the generalized profile of emergence of quality management above there are a few key landmarks that need to be noted. The first is probably the statistical developments in the 20s and 30s and the emergence of concepts related to probability of acceptance, risk, tolerance levels, and sampling aspects (Shewart, 1931; Dodge and Romig, 1959) establishment of standards and societies also marked the 1930s and 40s (Hutchins, 1995; Dooley, 2006). Industrial production was never under as much pressure as in the II world War. While quality assurance could not keep up with the pressure control came to the forefront to ensure acceptable working products. The maturing of the statistical processes and standards in this regard was a key development. The large scale transmission of these standards to the then military suppliers ensured that the War provided an acceleration to the diffusion of quality management standards and systems (Dooley, 2006; Grant and Lang, 1991). With the end of the war in the formative phase of reconstruction quality was again given a ‘less rushed attention. The role of top management, the interface between organisation wide processes, among others found attention. Total quality control came to the fore as a holistic concept with a stage gate approach right from design to delivery to consumer (Fiegenbaum, 1951, 1957, 1961). As mentioned, the post war Japanese revival is a key factor in development of quality management. Over the 1950s and 1960s the ideas of cultaration of quality with pride in workmanship, top management support, liberalized communication and quality circles took hold stemming from Japanese success. The good practice concepts like quality circles emerged as competencies that were tightly woven into the culture of business unique to Japan and required some effort when it came to imitation by the west (Koyangi, 1964; Deming, 1967; Juran, 1967). Quality became integral to organisational behaviour, goals, and associated personnel development. 2.3 Total Quality Management, Consumer Expectations and Continuous Improvement The coining of ‘Total Quality Management (TQM), encapsulates this coming of age of quality management as an indispensable competency in the competitive arena that is augmented by increasing customer expectations (Deming, 1986; Anderson et al., 1994; Akers; 1991; Stratton, 1990). The main characteristics-changes and developments though numerous can be safely said to be around making quality: -a responsibility for everyone, -a necessity rather than a differentiator, relate better to services and information, and ever increasing set of non-manufacturing industries. relate to best practices, dissemination and learning -recognized a key function and accordingly resourced in organizations reinforce the primacy of the customer (Green and Welsh, 1988; Marquardt, 1991; Dooley, 2006) As TQM goes from strength to strength the balance between assurance, control, and the new fangled third strand learning is becoming vital given the dynamic nature and complex requirements that are associated with quality (Green and Welsh, 1988). The standardized tools need to be customized for organisational applications with a sense to create the competitive edge-because the omnipresent paradigm itself is tending to defeat the objective to seeking the competitive edge through quality (Dean and Bowen, 1994). Context specificity or in other customization of model and tools is the call of the day for research and practice alike The generic nature however needs to be preserved in the background given wider economic and societal association of quality management. For instance, as new frontiers like e-commerce open a fertile bed of quality concepts and models will be very valuable for learning and adaptation to the economic and social context (Doty et al., 1993; Dooley, 2006). . However, having an adaptable bed for quality management across diverse industries to draw from is not sufficient. The societal realties have also undergone transition quality needs to broaden its founding grounds to reflect on new aspects like information management and the virtual realm where quality may have to question its own foundations that are deeply rooted in manufacturing. The successful adaptation to non-manufacturing i.e. services however, is evidence of the emergent nature of quality management that can take on fresh challenges that include alignment to ever changing marketing and consumer orientation needs. 2.4 Service Quality Service quality is a subjective concept that remains challenging to define and to measure (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). This associates itself and can be understood as the application of total quality in the service sector in the main and also implying the service function in frontline delivery of product in other industries. The understanding of service quality has been synthesized from extant literature by Jennifer Rowley (1998). In her work it is seen as a â€Å"perception judgment from a comparison of what they feel service organizations should offer and the performance of the organisation offering the services†. There is no dearth of definitions that try to pack in comprehensiveness to this abstract concept. For instance, Hedvall and Paltschik (1989) refer to ‘willingness and ability to serve with a mention of ‘access, Lehtinen and Lehtinen(1982) view service quality in a three-dimensional space that looks at ‘interactive, physical and corporate quality fac ets. Furthermore Gronroos (1984) simplifies the idea by seeing service quality as shaped by ‘technical and functional aspects of quality (Rowley ,1988). The link between service and performance and by extension satisfying the customer is challenging because services have a unique combination of characteristics. The first of these combinations is their intangibility- causing issues in measurement as they are a function of the ‘experience of the customer. The next is their perish ability -meaning that they cannot delivered from existing stock and thus lending a dynamic nature to service delivery that is difficult to condition. The third is inseparability between production and consumption of service and the last is heterogeneity or customizability as each end user receives a different level-nature of service partly owing to individualized perceptions that are involved in assessment (Zeithaml et al., 1985; Rowley, 1998; Engelland, 1998; Webb, 2000;; Devlin et al; 2002). The need is thus to work on ‘perceptions to assess quality given the cognitive frame of reference that dominates the characteristics of service. The associated requirement is to be able to classify services so as to peg a cognitive frame on a type of service. Such an attempt has provided for groupings within the service industry as a starting point to deliver customized measurement models (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). The influences on consumer expectations have also been classified to augment such efforts (Gronroos,1994) . While the seminal work towards generic developments like SERVQUAL (Parasuram et al., 1988), provide founding grounds to service quality measurement- literature sees several issues in the applicability of this generic framework. This also relates to the inclusion exclusion and reconfiguration of the understanding of service attributes and the industry categories discussed before (e.g. Sasser, 1978; Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). A critical perspective on SERVQUAL comes later but upfront it is of essence is to recognize the importance and complexity in measurement given the sheer abstractness of the idea of service and its quality. The customization of measurement efforts and models in light of different service industry groups has been key to efforts at improving measurement (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). In SERVQUAL the conceptualization of satisfaction has been found to be too simplistic and the multiplicity of the ‘total experience is arguably not captured this is in addition to the non-customized generic nature of the SERVQUAL. A longitudinal and sometimes phenomenological analysis is suggested to capture these nuanced but important characteristics of service quality (Singh, 1991; Rowley, 1994). However, the difficult in devising a comprehensive tool still disposes wider practice of measurement to simplistic methods. Important adjustments and realizations like the use of ‘importance and satisfaction grid (Harvey, 1995) provide a very useful feedback and prioritization. For instance, high importance and poor satisfaction is a combination that merits urgent management attention. Another important variable in the service quality metric that needs to be accounted for is the nature of the contract. Again this is because of the attribute of ‘psychological contracts that is unique in nature to services (Thornrow, 1998). This has found particular appeal in measurement related to provision of public services. Having formal, informal and psychological components in service contracts provide a platform for balancing expectations and perceptions. These are otherwise very difficult to manage given the basic characteristics of service discussed at the onset of this section. Finally the perceptual plane needs to be also looked at with a balance though by classical definition the perception of the customer is the defining feature of quality-for service quality in particular the perception of the provider and the resultant psychological interface is also key to the metric. The role of customers is also not to be taken uni-dimensionally. There are different stakeholde r brackets eg. users, influencers, deciders, approvers that associate with a service category and also vary in their significance (Rowley, 1988). These influence the generic satisfaction and associated performance variable. Given this multiplicity and the psychologically complex nature of interactions, the ‘relationship exchange process (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) is key to providing some cognitive stability to overtime service quality measurement. It is also a suitable conduit to ensure that feedback is smoothly translated into strategic action for improvement. Such relationships can be supported by associating service with some ‘bonds (Chu and Lin, 2004). For instance, providing unique services, incentives, and even building social ties between provider and customer. However, on the other hand, the impact of such relationships on service quality needs to be moderated for a reliable assessment. They provide grounds for stabilizing the psychological map to better associate performance and expectations but at the same time bias it. 2.5 Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality Perceptions Broadly speaking customer satisfaction is a performance indicator of the extent to which a firm has managed to meet customer expectations through its business deliverables. Having formed the foundation of the marketing concept for nearly half a century the attempts at harnessing the good practices and measurement approaches is a much explored realm when it comes to customer satisfaction (e.g. Drucker, 1954; Levitt 1960; Gronroos, 1990). Over the last few years customer satisfaction has received a reinvigorated interest. Possible reasons for this have been seen as the after effects of a maturing TQM paradigm that is linked with several recognition awards, and also, arrival of national customer satisfaction barometers (Garvin, 1991; Johnson et al., 2001; Helgesen, 2006) The associated concept of customer relationship orientation is posits a strong link between customer loyalty and profitability with customer satisfaction (Zeithaml, 1988; Oliver, 1996). While customer loyalty has been referred to as central to ‘competitive advantage (Porter, 1985; Chao, et al., 2007)- this is delivered through customer -satisfaction. This is the basic rationalization behind customer satisfaction being so central to both short term and long term performance assessment. That the ‘ultimate aim of any firm is to achieve customer satisfaction remains the central thesis of market orientation (Levitt, 1960). Customer orientation seeks to align â€Å"organizational values, beliefs, assumptions and premises† to deliver a mutually enabling relationship between the customer and the firm (Day, 1994; Strong and Harris, 2004). Strong and Harris ( 2004), define a set of tactics that can deliver customer orientation. They define three sets of tactics. The first define relational tactics (essentially relationship marketing) that engages a nurturing philosophy for long run gains. The second tactic as human resource tactic is more about the direct interface with frontline of the customer and rest of the organisation -essentially empowering the front line through training and support to reap rewards of realized quality of experience of the customer. The final tactic relates to procedural aspects that routinise and systemize customer care and support systems. The study posits that there is a strong interaction and dependency between the three tactics. This key work that examines customer satisfaction and its manifestations under the customer orientation paradigm shares ground with some key extant literature (Narver and Slater, 1990) However, other studies tend to put one set of such aspects though differently labeled as more important than the others. For instance, Chao et al. (2007) say that while satisfaction remains an abstract idea sometime there is an overt component of interpersonal relationship building that because of over emphasis- instead of complementing customer orientation tends wean resources away from conditioning deliverables to meet consumer expectations. Research suggests that such a lopsided drive is ill-found in the long run While relationship marketing remains important it has to be pegged on consumer satisfaction from products and services for sustainability (Chao et al., 2007). Businesses need to focus attention on relationship building. This however has to be conditioned for long run profitability. Customer satisfaction through meeting expectations from goods, transaction services and pure services, and a sustained follow up and support culture has to be the basis for relationship building. For instance, financial incentives/offers are likely to be ineffective and short lived if quality is undermined. As most of the research in customer orientation gets focused on relationship building this is an important consideration to use as a moderator. Value to the customer can never be undermined for seeking short term profitability. This is because such profitability is not suitably tied in with satisfaction which in turn guides customer loyalty. Views to the contrary also exist mainly from some practitioners. Bruce Clapp (2007) of the Carlson marketing group says that â€Å"relationship strength is more important than satisfaction as a true indicator of loyalty. Customizing the experience of our customers, in-branch and in home, impacts the strength of relationship as it builds. In the experience, ensuring our message is relevant requires that we be closer to our customer. The communication we use, whether direct mail, e-mail or in person, must be tailored to the needs of the customer at an individual level. The term mass customization has gained ground as we look for ways to become partners with our customers and be there when they have a financial nee